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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Youth did not emerge until...?
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World War II
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During the Victorian and Edwardian times it was common for youth to work as
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Apprentices and servants
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The craft and trade apprentices allowed for youth to develop...?
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Peer group and identity
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What us "chavivari"?
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Noisy public demonstration used to humiliate in front of the community
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What was the point of chavivari?
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Social Control for those that departed from the norm
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Who first defined the term youth?
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Rousseau
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What was the human-life cycle?
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Idea that there are discrete and autonomous stages and each cycle presents its own problems
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3 key characteristics of Medieveal & Early Modern Society?
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Low life expectancy, high rate of fertility, and a brief period between infancy and adulthood
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Who identified youth as an age-category
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G. Stanley Hall
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What were Hall's 4 main stages and the ages for each?
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Stage 1: Infancy - birth until 4
Stage 2: Childgood- 4 until 8 Stage 3: Youth- 8 until 12 Stage 4: Adolescence- 12 until 22 or 25 |
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Freud's 4 psychosexual stages
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oral, anal, phallic, and latency
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Erikson had how many stages of psychosocial development?
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8
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Erikson's 5th stage was known as?
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Adolescence
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Freud's 4 psychosexual stages
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oral, anal, phallic, and latency
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Erikson identified youth as a...
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identity crisis
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Erikson =
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psychosocial development
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Three theories of youth
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Biological determinism, social constructionist, and conflict theories
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What is biological determinism?
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Difference between children and adults
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What is social constructionist theory?
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Ways in which individuals and groups participate in the creation of their perceived reality
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What is conflict theories?
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Marxist. Changes in industrialization created conflict
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Teenage years are...(2)
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Socially and psychologically vulnerable
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After WWII youth was identified as a
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distinct social group
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From 20th century onward the transition from childhood to adulthood became institutionalized. Examples?
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Legal ages: drinking, smoking, driving.
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Term "youth culture" was first used in ___ by ___
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1942. Talcott Parsons
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Term teenagers was coined in the 1940's by
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American market researchers
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6 factors that lead to the expansion of the youth market
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records, pop stars, film industry, radio, television, media
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3 places youth were more visible as a group
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education, youth service, national service
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What was youth service?
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Voluntary youth service
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2 Major education reform acts and what they did
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1944 education act- raised age to leave school to 15. 1973 education act- raised age to leave school to 16
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What was the national service?
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compulsory service registration for youth
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Working class youth were seen as potentially...
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deviant
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Middle class youth workers sought solutions such as
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rehabilitation and treatment/cure not punishment
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4 youth organizations
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Boys' Brigade, Boy scouts, YMCA, Mission and Boys' clubs (poorer city areas)
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4 reasons war was blamed for juvenile delinquency
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Evacuation and interruption of schooling, effects of bombing, absent fathers and working mothers, breakdown of socialization process
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Study of subculture in Britain emerged from...
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America: Chicago School of Sociology
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Merton's 5 points
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Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, Rebellion
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Cloward and Ohlin's 3 types of deliquent youth
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Criminal subculture, conflict subculture, retreatism subculture.
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Example of each of Cloward and Ohlin's types of del. youth
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Criminal- Theft and illegal means of money. Conflict- Violence as a way of winning. Retreatism- Consumption of drugs
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Three Cohens
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Albert, Phil, Stanley
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Albert Cohen's 2 main theories
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Deliquent subcultures provide an alternative source of status and respect for w/c boys. Subcultural response and solution to poverty, low status, and lack of opportunities
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Albert Cohen's three modes of adaptation
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Acceptance of middle class rules, Acceptance of "corner boy" role, and deliquent response.
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Phil Cohen looked at ___ after ___
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Changes in working class lif; 1945
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4 main things Phil Cohen looked at
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Extended kinship networks, local economy, local pub and corner shop, and re-housing/re-development
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3 main impacts of the mass media
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Representation of youth in cinema, press coverage of incidents, moral panics
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First British youth subcultures and decades
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The Teddy Boys- Early 1950s
Mods and Rockers- Early 1960s |
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Stanley Cohen studied the
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Mod and Rockers
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Counterculture was (3)
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Anti-establishment, non-conformist, bohemian
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Foundation of the counterculture was
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Harlem renaissance (African-American poets and writers)
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Who coined the phrase the "beat generation"
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Jack Kerouac
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The "Beat" culture was based on
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jazz, poetry, literature, and drugs
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Meaning of the word "beat"
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meaning exhausted, overcome by hardwork or difficulty
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The beats rejected the ... and created...
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middle class way of life; alternative lifestyle
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Beats=Beatnik
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Herb Caen
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Examples of British bohemians (4)
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John Osborne, John Wain, Kingsley Amis, Colin Wilson
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What does avant-garde mean?
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French term meaning new and innovative
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What is the origin of the word hippie
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from hipster, African-Americans in the 1940s
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Hippie as defined in 1965
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Young person, preaching a philosophy of "love and peace" and using drugs
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When was the term flower child first used
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1967
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Hippies revolted against...with an emphasis on..
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parent culture; play
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6 factors that influenced revolution (counterculture)
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-Growing social and political conflict
-Low economic growth rate -"Wild cat" strikes -Protests against Vietnam War -Legalization of cannabis -Student protests |
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What was the CND? When was it formed? Why did it attract youth?
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Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. 1958. Provided public forum for youthful rebellion.
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Changes in the 1970s
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brought a halt to social transformation through youth
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In the past young women have been...
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Hidden from history
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Studies on females only related to ...(examples)
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Sexual Deviance, "flappers", teenage pregnancy, STDs, prostitution
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What was the main difference between the hipsters and the beats?
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Hipsters tended to be lower class. Beats tended to be middle class
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3 distinctive black youth cultures?
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rastafarianism, black power, hip hop and rap
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What was the main idea of rastafarian?
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Descendents of Black race would return to homeland
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3 things black power was a response to?
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Oppresion, inequality, raising of black consciousness
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What year was the National Front formed in?
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1967
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What was the trial of Mangrove 9?
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Police raided the place 3 times. On the third time they were charged with serving food after 11.
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Who was Enoch Powell?
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He argued the flow of immigration should slow down.
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1970s black youth were seen as a ...
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social problem
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What created moral panics against black youth in the 1970s
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muggings
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Type of music that came to Britain in the 1950s
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Bhangra
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Drug users began with a...moved into...and then the...
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small group; youth subcultures; mainstream
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Early drug takers were (2)
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Dealing with pain, artistic/aristocratic
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Early 20th century drugs users would...and it was not seen as...
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write about experience; morally wrong
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World's first trip (LSD) was
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April 1943
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LSD stands for
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Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
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Who developed LSD? Where was he from?
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Albert Hoffman. Switzerland
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The CIA used LSD as a
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truth syrum
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Who was Timothy Leary? What did he lead?
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Harvard professor who gave magic mushrooms to his theology students for a research project. Lead the psychadelic crusade
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Who was Alllen Ginsburg? What was the opening line of his most famous work?
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American Beat Poet who wrote the poem howl with the opening line "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness".
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Who founded the World Psychadelic Centre in London in 1965?
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Michael Hollingshead
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What is normalization?
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How subcultures or their deviant behaviour is able to be accomodated into larger groups or society.
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