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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the state of education before the bolsheviks took over? |
- 32% literacy rate - Rich undergoing very strict formal education - Most went without - Very expensive - Very rare in the countryside |
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What did the Bolsheviks introduce upon taking power? |
- Co ed schools - Made schools compulsory for boys and then girls - Abolished exams and corporal punishment - Classroom trials - Free breakfast and check ups - Churches and the buildings of the bourgeois into schools |
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How successful were the reforms? |
- Couldn't afford compulsory education nor did everyone attend - Couldn't afford free food - Number of schools fell from 102,000 to 86,000 - Literacy rates increased in the Red Army and the transport industry |
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What was the Komsomol? |
The Communist youth group for those aged 15 to 28 |
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What did the Komsomol get up to? |
- Listening to talks given by local workers - Distribution of poster - Distribution of leaflets - Anti-Religious campaigns - Checking prices at markets |
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What reforms did Stalin introduce to curriculum and when? |
In 1931: - Shifting the focus to core subjects; maths, science, reading and writing - Give people the understanding of wrk in factor and farms - Progressive methods abolished - New textbooks (1933) |
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When and how did the teaching of history change? |
1934 decree on civic history: - Cult of Stalin increased - History of Russia not the class struggle - Focus on the achievements of great Russian men |
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What was the target for 8-12 yr olds in school in 1932?? |
100%, they managed 95% which was a growth from 1928 where it had been 60% |
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When were national examinations introduced and why? |
1935, designed to prepare for the workforce, those with high grades to be managers and those with low grades to have lower skilled jobs |
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How did the Great Terror affect education? |
- Significant number of university academics who had been employed before 1928 removed and replaced with Red specialists - Number of academics rose from 29000 in 1927 to 50,000 in 1940 |
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How many universities were there in 1914 and 1939? |
817, compared to 107 in 1914 |
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How many citizens had a secondary education by 1939? |
1.5 million |
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What was the literacy rate in 1939? |
94% |
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What were labour reserve schools/ |
Schools that trained young people, aged 14 yrs to 17 yrs, for up to 2 years with no pay to work in specific roles |
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How many people had been trained in labour reserve schools by 1952? |
4 million |
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How many students were there by 1952? |
1.5 million |
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What reforms did Khrushchev introduce in 1956? |
- Reintroduced polytechnic education - Education became more practical, practical training took up nearly a third of educational time. - Trips were meant to be organised to local factories and farms - |
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What reforms did Khrushchev introduce in 1958? |
- He complained that academic work made people think they were too good for farm or factory work/ - Made education compulsory for those aged between 7 and 15 - Required schools to offer 11 year programs - Restructured education for a mix between schools and farms - Special schools for the academically gifted - New course on the fundamentals of politics |
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What were the final reforms introduced by Khrushchev? |
- Stalinist discipline relaxed in 1960, no more sitting or standing orders. - New emphasis on foreign languages in 1961 - Continuous assessment introduced and the need for homework relaxed - Could no longer expel underachieving students |
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What was the impact of Khrushchev's reforms? |
- They were never truly implemented, only 65% of schools complaint - The slackening of discipline ignored - Curriculum reforms only taken up by 47% - Academic special schools very successful, between 1959 and 1966 the number x5 |
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How did Brezhnev react to Khrushchev's reforms? |
- Ended the 11 year program - New temporary curriculum for academic focus - Ended vocational training - Ended compulsory education, a target of 100% instead |
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How did education slowly expand? |
- Only 60% had a secondary education - Number of teachers remained stable - Level of teacher qualification grew, 70% had a degree |
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What small scale reforms did Brezhnev introduce? |
- Updated textbooks - Compulsory homework - Consolidated approach in one document - Increase peasant participation through free hot meals - Free textbooks - Curriculum subjects remained unchanged from 1947 |
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How many university students in 1980? |
5 million |
