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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what triggers coronary artery vasodilation?
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AHA: anoxemia, hyperkalemia, adenosine increased
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what is the calcium-binding protein in myocardium? smooth muscle?
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troponin; calmodulin
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what nerves are involved in the carotid sinus reaction?
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glossopharyngeal IX and vagus X
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how many nuclei are in each myocardial cell?
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1 (for "1 heart and many skeletal muscles")
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why is long action potential in myocardium important?
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prevents tetany
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length of action potentials in each muscle type?
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cardiac: 200ms
smooth: 20ms skeletal: 2ms - cardiac and smooth have slow Ca++ channels; skeletal uses internal Ca++ |
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how does digitalis work on the cardiac AP?
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poisons the Na/K/Ca pump to increase intracellular Ca and increase contractility
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what is McArdle's disease?
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a glycogen storage disease which is due to a deficiency of muscle phosphorylase
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what is the "TIC triplet"?
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- troponin T: Tightly binds to tropomyosin to block attraction to myosin
- troponin I: Inhibits ATPase - troponin C: Calcium binds it to trigger Contraction |
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what does ATP do in the cross-bridging of muscle fibers?
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it binds to myosin head and releases actin filament
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what is the Bowditch or Treppe effect?
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Chronotropism: Cardiac rate increased, Calcium increased intracellularly, Contractility increased
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what are the 7 big etiologies of edema?
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CHARRED: Cardiac failure, Hepatic failure, Albumin deficit, Renal failure, Restricted return, Endocrine excess (cortisol, ADH), Drug effect (vasodilation)
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what causes non-pitting edema?
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myxedema and mucopolysaccharide deposits in severe hypothyroidism
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what is the Bainbridge reflex?
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stretching the right heart and the great veins causes an adrenergic response: increased contractility of the heart
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how can you increase atrial natriuretic peptide release in the heart? what does increased ANP lead to?
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increased preload; sodium diuresis
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what does lower preload lead to?
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increased ADH, an antidiuretic factor
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what effect does HYPOcalcemia and HYPOkalemia have on the QRS potential?
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lengthens the QRS complex, the time it takes for ventricles to depolarize and repolarize
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what are the effects of HYPERcalcemia and HYPERkalemia?
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coma and heart block, respectively
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how are tension, pressure, resistance and wall thickness (h) related?
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T = P * R * 1/2h
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what happens if a patient with atrial flutter is given quinidine?
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the heart block is overcome, putting the patient in danger
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at what heart rate is there fetal distress?
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<100 bpm
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what are the effects of preload and afterload on the PV loop?
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preload shifts loop to the right and afterload shifts upwards
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what is the avg resting cardiac output? maximum cardiac output?
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5-6 l/min; 30 l/min
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what is the difference between S3 and S4 heart sounds?
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S3 is early diastole (ventricular) and S4 is late diastole (atrial); "Kentucky" vs "Tennessee"
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what is the cardiac 70-70-70 rule?
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for a 70kg man, stroke volume is about 70ml and ejection fraction is about 70%
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effect of angiotensin II? what does aldosterone do?
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VAST: Vasoconstrictor, Aldosterone releaser, Sympathetic sensitizer, Thirst & salt craving; triggers absorption of Na+ and release of K+ (exchanger)
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name 8 local natural hypertensives
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CV STEALTH: Catecholamines, Vasopressin, Serotonin (can dilate), Thyroxine, Endothelin, Angiotensin II, Leukotriene and some prostaglandins, THromboxine (TV CLEATS)
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name 4 natural vasodilators
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NAPKIN ring: Nitrous oxide, Adenosine, Prostaglandins, KINins
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3 mechanisms of shock
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cardiogenic, hypovolemic, vasodilation
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what are some effects of forward heart failure? backward heart failure?
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hypoxic encephalopathy & uremia; hepatosplenomegaly & ascites
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what can you do besides drugs to treat hypertension?
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SAWER: Salt restriction, Alcohol avoidance, Weight control, Exercise, Relaxation
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which of the left fascicles is bigger?
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posterior
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with sympathetic stimulation, how is the heart affected?
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+chronotropism, +bathmotropism, +dromotropism, +inotropism
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