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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Motivation
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a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior |
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Drive Reduction Theory
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the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates us to satisfy the need |
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Drive
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psychological state that directs the organism to meet the need
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Homeostasis
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a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level |
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Arousal Theory
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There is an optimum level of arousal to operate on the higher the arousal the better it is to have a simpler task, and the lower the arousal the better it is to have a more complex task |
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Arousal and performance
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the higher the arousal the better it is to have a simpler task, and the lower the arousal the better it is to have a more complex task
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Know self-actualization, and his general theory, butno need to memorize all levels)
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the pyramid of needs that need to be achieved ( physiological needs, safety needs belongingness and love needs) before one can reach self actualization |
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HungerPhisiology: Glucose, Hypothalamus, Ghrelin |
Glucose: the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues; when it's low we feel hunger
Hypothalamus: alerts the body when it is that you are hungry Ghrelin: hormones secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain |
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Culture and biology: Taste preferences
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Culture effects what foods we find tasty (hot cultures like spicy food) universally people like to eat sweet and salty food |
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Need to Belong |
the need to by surrounded by close, supportive relationships, to feel accepted, loved, and included. |
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Benefits of belonging |
-boosts self esteem - boosts autonomy: a sense of self control - boosts competence: a sense of well being |
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Pain of being shut out |
- Physical pain - lowers self esteem - agressive behaviour |
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Emotion |
-bodily arousal: -expressive behaviors -conscious experience |
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James-Lange Theory |
the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion- arousing stimuli |
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Schacter’s Cognitive Arousal Theory |
(the two factor theory) the theory that to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal |
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Facial-Feedback effect (put a pencil in your teeth) |
brain reads what our face is doing and determines what emotion it's feeling |
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The basic emotions (know at least Ekman’s original six: ) |
Surprise anger disgust fear contempt happiness |
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Physiology of emotions: Know ANS (sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous systemgeneral effects, right/left frontal lobe) |
right side has more positive emotions and the left side has more negative emotions |
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Stressor |
catastrophes, significant life changes, and daily hassles |
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Stress Appraisal |
the events of our lives flow through a psychological filter. How we appraise an event influences how much stress we experience and how effectively we respond. |
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Stress response |
threat: react with fear or challenge: react with more focus |
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Fight-or-flight response |
an emergency response, including activity of the sympathetic nervous system, that mobilizes energy and activity for attacking or escaping a threat |
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Hans Selye and the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) |
Alarm Phase: activates the sympathetic nervous system, heart rate goes up Resistance Phase: temperature, blood pressure, and respiration goes up Exhaustion Phase: reserves run out, more vulnerable to illness, collapse, or death |
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Tend and befriend |
under stress people often provide support to others and bond and seek support from others |
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Psychoneuroimmunology |
The study of the mind's effects on the immune system
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Malfunctions of the immune system: Reacting too strongly or too weakly |
too strongly: it attacks tissues causing forms of arthritis or an allergic reaction too weakly: it may allow a bacterial infection to flare |
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Stress and: colds, AIDS, cancer, heart disease |
stressed people are more likely to get sick, lowers effectiveness of vaccinations, surgical wounds take longer to heal. |
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Type A Personality |
competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people |
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Type B Personality |
easy going, relaxed people |
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Type D Personality |
suppress their negative emotion to avoid social disapproval. increased risk for mortality and nonfatal heart attacks |
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Problem-focused and emotion-focused coping |
problem focused: dealing with the issue at hand by getting it done emotion focused: doing things to relieve one's self from the stressor |
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Coping with stress (know what the following factors of coping are and their effect onstress and health) |
reducing stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods |
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Personal control |
our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless
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Learned helplessness |
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or a person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
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Locus of control—internal and external |
internal: the perception that we control our own fate
external: the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate |
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Optimism |
the anticipation of positive outcomes. Optimists are people who expect the best and expect their efforts to lead to good things.
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Social Support |
feeling liked and encouraged by intimate friends and family promotes both happiness and health.
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Aerobic exercise |
sustained activity that increases heart and lung fitness; may also reduce depression and anxiety.
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Relaxation and Meditation |
attending to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner
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Faith |
religiously active people tend to live longer |
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Resilience |
the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma
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Subjective well-being…and money |
money can make you happy to a point |
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Relative deprivation |
the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves
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Personality |
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
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Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud |
everything is determined by the unconscious |
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Structure of the personality |
Id: a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. Ego: the largely conscious "executive part of personality that balances the demands of the id, superego and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain Superego: the part of personality that, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future goals |
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Unconscious |
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. |
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Free association |
a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how unimportant or embarrassing |
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Defense mechanisms |
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. |
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Repression |
the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness the thoughts, feelings, and memories that arouse anxiety. |
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Neo-Freudian psychodynamic theories |
Adler came up with the inferiority complex which has to do with childhood insecurities Horney pointed out Freud's masculine bias and theorized that childrens feelings of dependency give rise to helplessness and anxiety Carl Jung came up with the idea of the collective unconscious |
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Two main ways they (neo-Freudians ) changed Freud’s ideas |
-placed more emphasis on the role of the conscious mind - doubted that sex and aggression were all consuming motivaitions |
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How do cognitive researchers view the unconscious? |
according to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. |
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Projective tests |
provides a stimulus designed to trigger projection of the test-taker's unconscious thoughts or feelings |
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Rorschach Inkblot test |
the most widely used projective test; a set of 10 ink blots designed by Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots |
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Humanistic Psychology |
emphasis on the ways healthy people strive for self-determination and self-realization |
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Self-actualization |
the psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill our potential |
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Carl Rogers |
person centered counseling -be genuine with the person - unconditional positive regard |
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Unconditional Positive Regard |
an attitude of total acceptance toward another person |
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Self-concept |
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question "who am I" |
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Trait Theories |
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a tendency to feel and act in a certain way, as assessed by self-reports on a personality test |
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Eysenck and EysenckExtraversion
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introversion and emotional stability: Introverted and extraverted; unstable and stable.
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The Big Five |
CANOE or OCEAN (stands for what?)Why are they scientifically useful? Conscientiousness Agreeableness Neuroticism Openness Extraversion they predict behavior, apply to various cultures, are very stable. |
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Person-situation controversy |
some will act differently than what their personality dictates in certain situations |
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Exploring the Self |
participating in activities and behaving in certain ways to see whether or not this is who or who not you want to be
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Benefits of self-esteem |
-better nights sleep -less pressure to conform -be more persistent at difficult tasks - less shy -less anxious -less lonely |
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Culture: Individualism and Collectivism |
individualism: giving priority to our own goals over group goals and defining our identity in terms of personal traits rather than group membership
collectivism: giving priority to the goals of our groups and defining our identity accordingly |
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Social thinking |
conformity and obedience
automatic mimicking of others |
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Relations |
are important for well being and happiness
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Fundamental Attribution Error |
the tendency when analyzing other's behavior, to overestimate the influence of personal traits and underestimate the effects of the situation
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Behavior and Attitudes |
Behavior: what we do and how we act
Attitudes: feelings, often based on our beliefs that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events |
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) clash.
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Conformity |
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
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Asch’s Studies |
has a room full of confederates give the wrong answer, and see what the test subject answers (usually will follow the norm at least once)
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Obedience |
Milgram's study shows that people will do what their told if they feel like they are confronted with enough authority
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Milgram’s Studies |
confederate pretends to get shocked while test subject gives them
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Social facilitation |
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
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Social loafing |
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
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Deindividuation |
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
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Group Polarization |
strengthening of a group's preexisting attitudes through discussions within the group
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Groupthink |
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
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Prejudice |
an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members
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Ingroup/Outgroup |
Ingroup: "us"- people with whom we share a common identity outgroup: "them"- those perceived as different or apart from our group |
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Discrimination |
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
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Stereotypes |
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
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Altruism |
unselfish concern for the welfare of others
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Bystander Effect |
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
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