Yeepysch 1 Exam Iii

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humanistic theory

Back 1

by rogers and maslow; humans are born to be good and have the tendency to self actualize

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self-actualization

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striving to reach one's full potential; to be the best one can be

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unconditional positive regard

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to feel loved and accepted for the person someone is, no strings attached

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hierarchy of needs (5)

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(maslow) 1. physiological 2. safety 3. love and belongingness 4. esteem needs 5.self actualization

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self-concept

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(rogers) how one perceives one's self; a mental self portrait

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self-fulfilling prophecy

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an expectation that sets in motion behaviors which makes the expectation become true

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self-ideal

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the ideal person one would like to be

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self esteem

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the evaluation of how close one come to the self-ideal

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trait theory

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(allport) a disposition to behave and feel a certain way; which is designed to describe personality, not explain it

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big 5 factors

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used by trait theorists to describe personality: 1. emotional stability 2. social tendencies 3. attitude towards experience 4. agreeableness 5. how responsible/ dependent one is

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MMPI

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mm personality inventory, used for law enforcement careers; most widely used personality test

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myers briggs

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personality tests used for career development

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cognition

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thoughts, thinking

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social cognitive theory

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views behavior as being influenced by both social context and cognition

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reciprocal determinism

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the mutual interaction between cognition, behavior and the environment

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personal locus of control

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one's sense of control over the outcome of events

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internal locus of control

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the sense that individual efforts influence the outcome >> optimistic

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external locus of control

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the sense that external factors determine the outcome of events >> pessimistic

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optimism

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believing in internal locus of control

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pessimism

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believing in external locus of control

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learned helplessness

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hopelessness and passive resignation learned when unable to avoid repeated events

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self-defeating beliefs (definition)

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an attitude that may make one vulnerable to painful mood swings as well as conflicts in personal relationships

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distorted thinking (definition)

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thoughts that often causes bad feelings such as depression, anxiety, guilt, hopelessness, frustration and anger

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criteria of psychological disorders (5)

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behavior is: 1. maladaptive 2. self-defeating 3. harmful to self and others 4. interfering with relationships / involvement in the community 5. violating social standards

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DSM IV

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diagnostic and statistical manual used for classifying psychological disorders

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anxiety disorders

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when one experiences a sense of dread, worry or foreboding which is exaggerated and whose source is unknown

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panic disorder

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when one feels a sudden intense onset of anxiety which lasts only a few minutes resulting in the need to escape and not wanting to redo the event where attack occurred

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obsessive compulsive disorder

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having repeated thoughts resulting in repeated actions

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phobia

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fear in the absence of any real danger

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post-traumatic stress disorder

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an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened

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dissociative disorders

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a disorder in which there is a disconnection between consciousness/ awareness and feelings and memories

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dissociative identity disorder

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aka multiple personalities; when a person has 2 or more distinct and separate personalities as a result of [sexual] abuse as a child

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personality disorders

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when a person a has a persistent, inflexible personality trait that impedes social functioning

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antisocial personality

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aka sociopath/psychopath, when a person has a lack of conscience for wrong doing

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mood disorders

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when an individual experiences extreme mood states and have no middle ground

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major depressive disorder

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when one feels depressed for over 2 weeks without showing interest to return to regular activities

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biochemical effects of depression

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low serotonin and norepinephrine

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bipolar disorder

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aka manic depression, when one has extreme mood swings from mania to depression

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biochemical effects of bipolar disorder

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negative interpretation of neutral events causes the amygdala to fire excessively which shuts down the prefrontal cortex resulting in mania

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psychotic disorders

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when a person is out of touch with reality

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characteristics of schizophrenia (4)

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1. disorganized thoughts 2. delusions 3. hallucinations 4. inappropriate effect

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types of delusions (2)

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1. paranoid delusions 2. delusions of grandeur

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causes of schizophrenia (4)

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1. genetic influence 2. brain abnormalities (5) 3. early viral exposure 4. malnutrition

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schizo brain abnormalities (5)

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1. larger brain ventricles 2. smaller thalamus 3. irregular hippocamus development/arrangement 4. overall smaller brain size 5. excessive dopamine production

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types of psychotherapy (4)

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1. psychoanalysis 2. client-centered therapy 3. behavior therapy 4. cognitive-behavior therapy

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psychoanalysis

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(freud) based on personality theory, goal is to uncover unconscious

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methods of psychoanalysis (4)

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1. free association 2. resistance 3. interpretations 4. transference

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free association

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part of psychoanalysis, letting thoughts flow freely without censoring

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resistance

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happens during psychoanalysis, when the patient actively avoids threatening issues

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interpretations

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job of analyst to make meaningful conclusions that will give the patient insight into their own actions and feelings; making the patient aware of hidden feelings

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transference

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when a patient transfers/projects feelings from an outside relationship onto the therapist providing a second chance for unresolved issues; is expected to occur

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counter transference

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when the analyst projects his/her personal issues onto the patient

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client-centered therapy

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based on the humanistic theory, goal is to remove blocks from self actualizing, tries to develop a more accurate self concept

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techniques for client-centered therapy

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providing unconditional positive regard through active listening, paraphrasing and reflecting

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active listening

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when a listener conveys interest, empathy, understanding, no judgment and concern for the patient

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paraphrasing

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when the analyst summarizes key points to make the patient feel validated and important, also gives time to correct misunderstandings

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reflecting

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listener mirrors what is being not explicitly conveyed by the patient; feedback based on what the patient showing rather than what is being said

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behavior therapy

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goal is to unlearn maladaptive behaviors and relearn effective behaviors; aims only to fix symptoms not the underlying problems

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types of behavior therapy (3)

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1. counter conditioning 2. exposure 3. operant conditioning

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counterconditioning

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a type of behavior therapy where patients learn to replace a fear response to a stimuli with relaxation because it's physically impossible to feel both at once

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types of exposure therapy (3)

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1. systematic desensitization 2. aversive conditioning 3. virtual reality exposure therapy

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systematic desensitization

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a gradual approach to a fear evoking situation from the least fearful to most fearful stimuli; patient can't proceed to the next level until previous levels are mastered

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aversive conditioning

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problem behavior gets associated with an unpleasant consequence resulting in elimination of the behavior to avoid the consequence

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virtual reality exposure therapy

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process of desensitization using virtual reality technology, not real life

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operant conditioning

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type of behavior therapy that uses rewards for good behavior and punishment for bad behavior

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cognitive behavior therapy

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aims to change one's cognitive self-defeating thinking and behavior

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cognitive therapies

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aims to teach patient more adaptive ways of thinking and feeling; changing one's self defeating thinking

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beck's therapy for depression

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seeks to reverse patient's catastrophizing beliefs about themselves to help them discover their irrationalities

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social psychology

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study of how behavior, thinking and attitudes are influenced by others

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attribution theory

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the need to explain other people's behaviors by focusing on either 1. a person's disposition (personal qualities) or 2. situational factors (external factors, the environment)

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fundamental attribution error

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the tendency to overestimate one's personal disposition and underestimate situational factors when explaining the behaviors of others

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cognitive dissonance

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when we bring our attitudes to line up with our actions when we are aware that our attitudes and actions don't coincide

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conformity

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changing behavior to agree with a group standard

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asch experiment

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experiment that found that subject usually changed answer from obvious correct one to obvious incorrect one because everyone else did

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condition that strengthen conformity (4)

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1. low status in the group 2. need for approval 3. lone opinion 4. others have more expertise

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obedience

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compliance with someone's demands because he/she has more power

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milgram experiment

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experiment found that subject did unethical things under orders of superior

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prejudice

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a premature judgment made in the absence of adequate information; tends to be inaccurate

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3 components of prejudice

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1. beliefs (stereotypes, selective perception, self fulfilling prophecy) 2. emotions towards a group (negative feelings and hatred) 3. behaviors (discrimination)

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stereotype

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generalization which doesn't change in the face of new information

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discrimination

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unfair treatment of a group based on certain traits

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minority group status

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a group, because of the way they look, are treated unfairly and discriminated against

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psychological purposes of prejudice (4)

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1. boosts self-esteem 2. in group/ out group 3. just world phenomenon 4. frustration aggression theory (scapegoating minorites)

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in group/ out group

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"them vs. us" by placing those that look similar to oneself in the in group and placing those that are different in the out group

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good and bad results of in/out group

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good: group cohesion and increased morale; bad: increased competition and hostility, exaggerates differences between groups and exaggerates similarities within an out group

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just world phenomenon

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"life is fair, people get what they deserve", emphasizes merit and tolerates inequality

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frustration aggression theory

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goals are blocked >> frustration >> aggression >> scapegoating minorities

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scapegoating minorities

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targeting aggression toward available, easy and acceptable targets