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68 Cards in this Set
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Define SPQR |
'Senatus populus Que Romanusa' meaning the senate and the people of rome. Following the defeat of Tarqun, Rome became a republic: where people elected officials to represent them. As publicity and propaganda, the new senate had SPQR branded on everything they controlled, reminding the people that they were part of the Roman republic and were no longer ruled by a king |
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Define tribune: |
Tribune was the title given to various elected officials. The two most important being the official elected by the plebs to represent them and protect their interests, and the military tribune |
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Define consul: |
A consul is an official appointed by the state to live in a foreign city, protecting the states citizens and interests. Two consuls were elected annually in rome. They formed the chairmen of the senate (which aerved as a board of advisors with power over the roman army). Together it was the consuls who ruled the Roman empire. |
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Define Equestrian: |
In ancient rome a member of the equites were described as am equestrian. The equestrian class was conposed of the roman cavalry who were inportant resources in ensuring the smooth running of the roman empire |
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Define Venationes: |
Venationes or "animal hunts" were a type of public spectacle. Contests between man and beast were often shown at the colosseum after they originated in the second century BCE. Once they gained popularity the earth was searched for animals such as lions and bears. As many as 11000 animals were killed on a single occasion. These shows remained popular until after the abolishment of the gladiatorial battles in the 5th century. |
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Define dictator: |
Of all the offices within rome, none had as much power as the dictator who was known as the master of the people. In times of emergency the senate woukd declare the need for a dictator and the consuls would appoint one. This decision could not be vetoed by the tribune of the plebs. |
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Define Patrician: |
A patritian is a person of nobel or high rank. 'Patrician' originally referred to a grouo of ruling class families in ancient rome. The patricians were large land owners that dominated the army as they coukd afford to keep their property running in their absence. |
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Define Senate: |
The senate was the official permanent governing body of ancient rome that was formed with the republic in 509 BCE. It was originally comprised of 300 distinguished roman citizens such as patricians, magistrates, and military officers. Members were voted in every five years during the census by the censors. usually senators served for life. |
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Define Comitia Curiata: |
the comitia curiata, or 'curiate assembly' represented the principle assembly during the first two decades of the Roman Republic. They were responsible for granting ultimate power and forming certain formal duties such as witnessing adoptions and wills. |
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define plebeian: |
the term plebeian describes members of the general public in ancient rome as apposed to privileged patrician upper classes. originally plebeians were excluded from the senate and all other public offices aside from that of the military tribune. |
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Define Mos Maorum: |
mos manrum describes the roman way of life. it was a value system that guided romans to act virtuously within their flexible social system. it was especially crucial prior to the 500's AD when rome finally developed common laws. until this point in time, dos maorum was the only concept that taught how to properly and rightfully be a roman. |
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define aristocracy |
the aristocracy is the highest class of ancient roman society, typically it was comprised of a small group of elites who formed a government with political power. the ruling elites were usually nobel from birth and held honourable titles. they also enjoyed both social and economic prestige in rome. |
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define praetor: |
a praetor was one of a number of elected magistrates charged chiefly with the administration of civil justice. they ranked below consul. praetors had broad authority in Rome. they were responsible for the production of public games, and exercising extensive authority in the government in the absence of the consuls. |
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define munus: |
gladiatorial games were originally conducted in 264 BCE as part of a funerary ritual called a munus. a munus was conducted in order to keep the memory of an important individual alive after death. it was held after the funeral and repeated on annual or five yearly intervals. Minus 'gladiators battles' were not made a regular part of public games until the first century. |
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define republic: |
a republic describes a state where the people have ultimate power. they have a right to vote and are consequently able to nominate their states representatives. the roman republic began in 509 BCE after the collapse of the roman kingdom and ended in 27 BCE with the establishment of the roman empire. |
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define paterfamilias: |
the eldest male in the family possessed this role which gave him power over the subsequent generations of his family. the paterfamilias was the only one who could own property, manage financial affairs, permit marriage and he held the 'vitae necisque potestas' 'power over life and death of everyone in his manus' (household) |
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define hannibal: |
hannibal lived from 247-183 BCE. he was a carthaginian general during the second punic war between carthage and rome that occurred between 218 and 202 nce. he is considered one of the greatest generals of antiquity due to his tactic in which still inspires strategy in contemporary battles. |
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what is the circus honerum: (political pyramid) from top to bottom |
dictator consul and censor praetor curule Aedile and plebeian aedile tribune quaestor |
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what was the best way to enter politics? |
by serving in the army, normally for a period of around 10 years. (it was normally the partitions that could afford to be in then army as they could keep their farms running in their absence) |
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what was the comitia Curiata in the circus honerum |
the peoples assembly! it was thought this assembly that plebs were able to elect consuls or vote against the consuls proposals |
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after serving in the army what was the next step on the political ladder? |
quaestor: candidates had to be at least 30 years old to run for this position. 20 quaestors were elected each year and held the responsibility of overseeing rome finances |
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what became of Quaestors after they had served their year? |
they were admitted into the senate were they would have a seat for life. the senate was an advisory council for the consuls. alternatively, former quaestors could run for aedile once they were at least 36 years of age. |
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what was the difference between curule and plebeian aediles? |
plebeian aediles had to be plebs where as curule aediles could be elected form either class. two of each were elected. |
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who were the representatives elected by the peoples assembly and what did they do? |
tribunes: of which 10 were elected each year to represent the plebs. they had the power to veto political decisions and pass laws without consulting the senate. |
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what was the next step from Aedile? |
post aediles that were of at least 39 years old could then run for praetor of which 8 were elected each year. they were responsible for overseeing the judicial system and acting as judge. |
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what options did the romans have after being Praetor? |
they could retire as the governor of a province or they could instead run for the highest position of consul. two consuls were elected each year. plebs had to be 42 to run of this position, and patricians had to be 40. |
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what did consuls do after their year in power? |
they could travel to other roman cities where they would become pro-consul or governor |
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was there a position higher than consul? |
yes; dictator. in times of emergency the senate would declare the need for a dictator and the consuls would elect one. |
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describe the first punic war: date, duration, who, outcome? |
-264-241 BCE -Carthage and rome fought for 23 years over sicily -rome won and sicily became a province of rome |
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what happened between the 1st and second punic wars? |
rome came to control corsica and sardinia, as well as conquer the gauls of the Po River Valley carthage recovered from its defeat the started expanding into Iberia (spain) |
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describe the 2nd punic war:
who, when, outcome, duration, major battles? |
-218-201 BCE -general of carthage was hannibal -general of rome was Supio -Rome and Carthage fought, carthage won many battles including the battle of Cannae that occurred in 216 BCE - the battle of Zama in 202 BCE was Hannibal's first and only defeat.
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what happened between the 2nd and 3rd punic wars? |
-carthage rebuilt its trading networks and commercial power -rome felt threatened by competition from carthage -senator Cato ended all his speeches with the warning "Carthago Delenda Est!" (Carthage must be destroyed) |
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describe the third and final punic war: date, outcome, result? |
-149-146 bCE -rome feared carthage was again becoming a threat -roman seige was successful and carthage burnt to the ground, becoming a roman province -men where killed, women and children were made slaves. |
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what is the literal translation of dos maorum and what does the term include? |
mos maorum literally means "the way of our ancestors" meaning that the foundation of roman society was built on the traditions that ensured it's rise to dominance to begin with. it included culture, religion, martial tradition, government, laws, and morals. |
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to what degree was the dos maorum important? |
it exceeded actual law. it represents rome traditions, policies, and laws all in one. it included anything unwritten or written, anything stated or implied about what it meant to be a roman. it is believed that comes greatness is owed to the adherence of dos maorum. |
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describe a traditional roman family: |
a traditional household (familia) was run by the eldest male (paterfamilias) who had ultimate power. a traditional household included: -family -slaves -clinets |
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what power did the paterfamilias have and which members of the family did these powers apply? |
-fatherly authority and disciplinary control (family): oldest couple, married sons with their wives and children, unmarried sons and daughters -lordship (slaves): often taken during conflicts from the Italian tribes surrounding rome. a slave could become a freedman if declared a client by the paterfamilias -support (sponsorship) (clients): dependant on family, though enjoyed some privileges for example they were granted land and protection. |
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what was the role of the paterfamilias and how did the family benefit from his power? |
-theoretically the paterfamilias had poor over life and death of everyone in his munis. however he was restrained from abusing this pose by custom and reputation. -to make a decision it was customary for the paterfamilias to hold a meeting with close family -taught the young people of the household: -obedience and respect -obligations to family and god - ancestral customer of dos maorum |
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what are patron client relationships: include the duties and benefits involved in being a client |
-one of the longest lasting features of ancient rome -duties of client include following patron to war, citing for patron in elections, supporting patrons view at assemblies, give respect and attention to patron, support patron in economic matters -benefit of being a client included receiving land, legal help, protection in courts, food rations, and occasional payments of cash, -patrons and clients could not give evidence against each other |
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what caused the political tension between the plebs and patricians in the early roman republic? |
-newly created magistrates were monopolised by exclusively patricians -long absences from home, bad seasons, ownership of increasing amounts of public land by patricians and the prevalence of dept amongst small farmers added to the discontent of the plebs. |
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how did the plebs attempt to overcome this tension? |
-as plebs knew their importance in the army, they use to demand concessions from the patricians; refusing to fight until their demands were met. -increasing amounts of plebs who had distinguished themselves in battle became equal to patricians in wealth and ability. as a result they were able to act as spokesmen for the plebs, though there was still a struggle for political, social, religious, and legal equality. |
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when did the political tension between the plebs and patricians come to an end? |
the 'conflict of the orders' ended in 287 BCE when plebs finally acquired equal political rights as the patricians. |
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what was the social hierarchy of the roman empire: |
-senators and administration -nobels, patricians and wealthy plebs -plebeians -freedmen -slaves |
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following the punic wars, what did the expansion mean for rome? pros and cons |
pros: -wealth (from trade and taxes) -power (control of most of the Mediterranean) cons: -difficult to manage an empire (multicultural empire required a multifaceted approach) -wealth created new classes in rome (corruption) *slaves gained by conquest of displaced free farmers and workers (plebs were replaced making them unemployed and poor) -these problems untimely ended the republic and led to the empire. |
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what major issues began to arise following the wars of expansion in regards to wealth and corruption? |
-wealth and luxury began to undermine the publics priority systems -the ruling body used their wealth to gain and maintain power. they had no interest of concern for the poor even though there was unemployment and debt everywhere. |
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what were some of the major changes to Rome following the wars of expansion? |
-lifestyle of upper class became more luxurious -grain from provinces of sicily + sardinia was imported cheaply to feed the growing populations -italian slave market was flooded with slaves taken during the wars -as a result of increase in slaves, small farmers were forced into unemployment and as they formed the backbone of the army; availability for military duty declined -senate became the supreme governing body |
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what were some of the problems following the wars of expansion? |
- alot of wealth entered hands of government classes who became richer and more powerful t expense of poor -slave labour forced free labourers to drift to cities seeking employment -increasing discontent amongst allies as it became evident that rome would refuse them benefits of full roman citizenship -senate dominated by 20 nobel who failed to resolve these issues led to the eventual collapse of the republic -mos manrum became corrupt and there was a deterioration of morals |
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what events were shown on a typical day at the colosseum? |
-novelty events (acrobats + circus acts, mock combats) -wild beast hunts -animal combats -public executions of criminals and prisoners (crucifixion, burnt alive, animals exposure) -live mythological re-enactments (prisoners sentenced to death) -gladiatorial combats (team events, paired events, presentation of awards) |
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describe the seating in the colosseum and describe how this reflected roman life? |
seating within the colosseum reflected social status of roman citizens -best seats were nearest arena in 'podium', here in the imperial box sat the emperor with his party - also in podium were reserved seats for pontifex maximum (highest religious position, vestal virgins (female priestesses of goddess of Heath), dignitaries, senators -in order from front to back sat: senators, important officials, soldiers, plebs, poor women + slaves |
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what are the characteristics of the colosseums construction? |
-impressive for size and strength -four storey building: lower 3 storey characterised by open arcades and open archways that surround their perimeter. 4th storey had 2 levels and followed a different style as it was built by titus at a later date -materials: marble, travertine (local limestone), tufa and punic (volcanic stones), brick and concrete |
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what emperor built the colosseum and why? |
-vespasian (emperor from 69-79 AD) -because he followed the reign of nero (during his reign a great fire destroyed the city in 64 AD) -nero took advantage of this cleared land and built himself a palace with gardens and lakes called the golden house. after the death of nero roman citizens morale and confidence was low -to regain support vespasian demolished the palace of nero and constructed the colosseum. |
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who physically built the colosseum? |
-estimated 100,000 prisoners undertook the manual labour (sourcing and transporting materials) -professional engineers artists, painters, decorators undertook the skilled tasks |
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what made the colosseum special and before its time? |
-over 80 exits (crowd control of over 50,000 spectators) -awnings that could be lowered over seating to provide shade during summer months -braziers burnt incense to cover stench of blood -systems of sprayers misted perfumed water over spectators -lighting (giant brass chandelier) -ability to fill arena with water for naval shows and drain it over night.
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Tertullian |
Born 150 ad in carthage Father of latin theology Greek and roman education Wrote to defend christianity Objected against public punishments |
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Seneca |
Lived 4-65 ad Roman philosopher, statesman, dramatist Work inferior to corresponding greeks Profound influence on development of tragety Beleived gladiatory battkes demonstrated disapline and courage but Objected public executions |
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Martial |
Born c38-41, died 103 ad Poet that accuratly depicted rome Wrote about people Emotive/bias/exxagerated Wrote 'on the spectacles' to commemorate opening and praise emporer for generosity |
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Suetonius |
Biographer and antiquitorian Gossip and scandal of first 2 emporers Lived 69 -122 ad Family of equites Wrote about higher class so may have been bias |
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Cicero |
Roman writer, philosopher, politician Lived 106-43 bce Wrote from political veiw point that was influenced by western thought and philosophy Bias in romes faviur Praises gladiatory battles for disapline but objects against wild beast hunts |
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Cassius dio |
Roman senator of greek descent Lived c. 155-235 ad High social status Wealthy family |
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Dates of punic wars |
1st: 264-241 bce 2nd: 218- 201 bce 3rd: 149-146 bce |
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When was battle of cannae + zama |
216 bce 202 bce |
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When was vespasian emperor? |
69-79 ad |
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When was the great fire of rome |
64 ad |
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When did the conflict of the orders end? |
287 bce |
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When did venations originate, become popular? |
2nd century bce 5th century ad |
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When did rome become a republic and when did the republuc collapse? |
509 -27 bce |
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When did gladiatorial battles originate... gain popularity? |
264 bce 1st century bce |
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When was Tertullian, seneca, martial, suetonius, cicero, cassius dio Born / lived? |
150 ad 4-65 ad C.38-41 --- 103 ad 69 -122 ad 106-43 bce C.155-235 ad |
