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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Achieved status is based on ____, while ascribed status is based on ___
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achieved is based on merit / achievement, ascribed is based on innate characteristics
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In Greek history, children were exposed to what at an early age?
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Violence, especially between parents and kids
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What was important about the Code of Hammurabi?
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It contained the oldest known written laws pertaining to kids
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In the middle ages, children were often considered ____, because there were very few ____
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adults (engaged in sex, drinking, using weapons), very few rules
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How did the Church feel about children in the 16th and 17th centuries?
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Felt that children were both innocent and wicked. Set strict standards for children to follow
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What law was created in the Puritan Colonies and what did it say?
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The Stubborn Child Law; said that children who disobeyed parents could be put to death or severely punished for crimes.
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Who were the Child Savers and what did they believe?
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A group that saw the goodness of children and believed they could only become bad because of external factors like poverty, overcrowding, and lack of parental guidance.
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What was the goal of the Child Savers?
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To remove children from poverty. Children were treated as adults but with no legal rights which led to Parens Patriae
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What was the basic message of the Parens Patriae and what did it establish?
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The state had power over neglected children. It established status offenses.
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What was the emphasis of the New York House of Refuge?
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Designed to save children from a life of crime, but actually saved society from children. Similar to a boot camp, emphasis on remorse and punishment.
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The Juvenile Court of 1899 believed what and was based off of what?
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Believed that children should be TREATED within their own home and not PUNISHED in an institution. Based off of Parens Patriae.
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The judges in the Juvenile Court gave more attention to the children's ____ rather than their ____.
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needs rather than their rights (welfare approach)
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Four reasons why the media teaches children aggression
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1. Identification with aggressor increases imitation 2. Active participation increases learning 3. Violence and reoccuring in video games 4. Repetition increases learning
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What are the three things that are included in the UCR
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crimes known to police, number of arrests, persons arrested
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The creation of what made the UCR much more detailed and specific
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the National Incident Based Reporting System
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The crime index is part of what report data
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The UCR (the crime index classifies crimes into eight broad categories like murder, forcible rape etc)
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Two advantages of the NIBRS
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provides full incident details, permits separation of individual vs household vs commercial victimizations
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Two disadvantages of the NIBRS
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Underestimates the number of crimes committed yearly, gap between the amount of crime committed and what is reported to the police
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What are two advantages of victimization surveys?
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uncovered some reasons why victims do not report crimes at all, demonstrate variation in official reporting vs. the crime from the victim's perspective
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Five disadvantages of the victimization survey?
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memory errors, telescoping, errors of deception, juvenile victimizations, sampling errors
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Crime hidden from authorities is ___ to ___ times greater than what is listed in the UCR
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4 to 10 times greater
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True or false: Usually victimization data and official data match
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True
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Two strengths to self-report studies
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Help criminologists become aware of the amount of crimes that go unreported, evidence for racial and ethnic bias
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Two disadvantages to self-report studies
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Distortion, forgetting, lying, exaggeration / minimization, Doubt whether the child would admit a crime they committed
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Three types of crime report data
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Crime reports, surveys, and self-reports
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What is the biggest weakness of self-report studies?
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The worst delinquents rarely participate in the surveys
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Juveniles are most likely to be arrested for...
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Status offenses, truancy, incorrigibility, and running away from home
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Drop in crime rates in the 1990's were due to...
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the economy, prisons, better police, decline in crack cocaine
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What are the three reasons why blacks are thought to be more engaged in crime?
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Economic struggles, family breakdown, cultural factors
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Violent crimes peak at age ___, serious property crimes at age ___.
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violent at 18, property at 16.
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When kids commit fewer crimes as they get older, it is known as...
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the aging-out phenomenon
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Reasons why crime diminishes with age
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personalities change, child becomes aware of the costs of crime, peer influence
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Glueck's research found
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Through an examination of 500 delinquent boys, those with an early onset of behavioral problems were more likely to become criminals. Serious offenders could avoid crime if they participated in conventional norms (marriage)
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Antisocial behavior can be categorized by...
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hyperactivity, impulsivity, rejection by peers, poor relationship quality (often due to lack of parental bonding during infancy), drugs or alcohol
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In the 1990's, the phrase "Juvenile Super Predator" was used to explain what
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Lots of violent crime arrests in the 1990's, policymakers thought juvenile justice policies should be changed. This phrase was used to suggest that juveniles are committing increasing numbers of very violent crimes, and that policy makers attention was moved from the social factors causing the crimes to the individual crimes.
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Robert Merton used "double failure" to explain drug use how...
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Said that in a competitive society in which success through legitimate ways is hard to attain, those who are unable to be successful choose deviant ways of adapting to failure
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Robert Agnew extends the double failure theory by saying...
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Various sources of stress contribute to depression and a withdrawal from society into drug use.
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Edwin Sutherland said delinquent behavior is learned through....
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an interactive process
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Social learning theory argues that
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a person's behavior is the result of group based reinforced learning sessions
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the social control theory argues that delinquency is a result of what?
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The absence or weakening of the social control mechanisms that ensure conformity
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What are four ways that home life can contribute to delinquent behavior?
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Poverty, parental failures, lack of communication, lack of supervision
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How do adolescent limited offenders and life-course persistent offenders engage in drugs?
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Adolescent limited offenders experiment with weed, alcohol and tobacco but will stay away from harder drugs. Life-course persistent offenders engage in drugs as a larger behavioral pattern of delinquency
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What is comorbidity?
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Neurocognitive deficits + early life disadvantages = antisocial pathway
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1994 Compstat Approach
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NYPD used this to stress no tolerance for smaller offenses in order to send a message that no type of criminal behavior would be tolerated
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What were the results of Compstat?
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Reduced the number of youths who committed serious crimes and carried firearms
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Three methods of the "Get Tough Approaches"
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Treatment programs in locked, secure correctional facilities to emphasize rehab and reintegration into the community. Others emphasize verbal expression of feelings to foster empathy and create a sense of personal responsibility. Lastly, others establish definite sentences for youth and don't wipe criminal records after age 18
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Decriminalization
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Police wouldn't make arrests for small amounts of certain drugs
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Legalization
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Eliminating laws prohibiting the distribution and possession of drugs but not necessarily eliminating all regulation
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What is positive deviance?
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People who deviated from the norms of society in a positive way
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Theories are evaluated on the basis of three criteria
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simplicity, testability, empirical validity
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Choice theory
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Juveniles are rational, intelligent people who have free will. Evaluate the cost / benefits prior to acting.
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Choice theory failed because...
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it did not take into account why people committed crimes
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"On Crime and Punishments" was written by ____ and emphasized ____, ____, and ____
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written by Cesare Beccaria, emphasized humanity, consistency and rationality
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Jeremy Bentham was grounded in the Utilitarian principle of what
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People calculate the cost and benefits of behavior prior to acting
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Jeremy Bentham was concerned with achieving
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the "greatest happiness of the greatest number"
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The Neoclassical School
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Said people are rational, intelligent beings who exercise free will but also that some crimes were caused by factors beyond the offenders control
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The Neoclassical school led to
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the insanity defense, empirical validity
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True or False: The belief that criminal law should reflect mitigating circumstances / traits in place before the crime was committed was held by the Classical School of thought.
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False---this belief was from the Neoclassical School
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Modern Classical School Theory
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The reason to punish crime is that if crime goes unpunished, people who are also considering committing the crime will think it's worthwhile and consider committing it. Rehab works for some but ultimately criminals need to be punished.
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Rational Choice Theory is similar to which other theory and how?
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Similar to the Classical Theory: delinquents are rational people who make calculated choices and decide on location, target, and how to do it before the act.
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Routine Activities Theory
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Say crime occurs when motivated offenders find suitable targets and no one to watch them commit the crime
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What are two problems with the rational choice and routine activity theories?
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They do not identify which factors motivate offenders to commit crime and they overlook factors that cause criminalization of some behaviors
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James Wilson suggests that children who behave badly have not had ____ instilled in them
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morality
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Hans Eysenck blames delinquency on ____ _______.
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poor parenting
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Reasons why offenders are not rational...
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They don't consider legal consequences, arrest, imprisonment. They may also have "limited rationality" or no morality
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True or False: Both the Justice and Utilitarian Punishment models hold children responsible for their behavior because they believe that children are rational, intelligent beings who exercise free will and use the cost/benefits method.
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True
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Justice Model
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Punishes offenders because of the social harm they have caused. Promoted fixed-time sentences, abolish parole
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Utilitarian Model
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It should be possible to stop crime by punishing offenders more severely. Boot camp
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Positive School of Criminology
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Used the scientific method and Darwin to attribute crime to factors that were in place prior to the crime being committed
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Atavism, Cesare Lombroso
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You can tell how highly evolved someone was from their physical appearance, criminals were primitively developed and have stigmata (distinctive physical features)
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Somatotype Theory, William Sheldon
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Relationship between body type and delinquency.
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The most common type of delinquent has a _____ body type
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mesomorph (active, assertive, lust for power)
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True or False: ADHD is the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood
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True
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How does ADHD play a role in delinquency?
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Children with ADHD have low amounts of serotonin and are inattentive, hyperactive, and often have poor relationships and self-esteem which causes them to be more likely to be delinquents
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Which part of the brain deals with regulating impulsive tendencies / emotions / sustaining attention?
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Frontal lobe
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What is the difference between passive rGE's, evocative rGE's, and active rGE's?
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Passive rGE's are genes passed down from parents. Evocative rGE's are genes that cause particular responses from the environment that are correlated back to their genes, and active rGE's are genes that are specific to the individual that play an important role in identifying and selecting environments that reinforce genetic makeup
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True or False: Race is a better predictor of involvement in delinquency than IQ or social class
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False -- IQ is the best predictor
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True or False: Identical twins (MZ) are more likely to be involved in crime than fraternal (DZ)
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True
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