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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What tumour is most commonly caused by FeLV?
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Thymic lymphosarcoma
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What is the corrected reticulocyte count?
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reticulocyte % x (patient PCV/normal PCV)
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What happens if sheep are fed cattle or pig feed?
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They develop chronic copper poisoning, which leads to acute disease due to centrilobular hepatic necrosis.
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What are the signs of chronic copper poisoning in sheep?
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Haemoglobinuria and death in 48h. Black shiny kidneys at post mortem.
Acute disease is due to centrilobular hepatic necrosis |
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What are Howell-Joly bodies?
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Red blood cells containing nuclear remnants. They are normal in equine blood smears
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How can you assess if equine anaemia is renegerative?
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Bone marrow aspirate: reticulocytes are not released into the circulation in horses.
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How is dog blood typed?
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Dog Erythrocyte Antigens (DEAs) 1.1, 1.2, 3, 4, 5 and 7
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How is cat blood typed?
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A, B or AB. Mik+ or Mik-
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What is equine infectious anaemia?
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Arthropod-borne lentivirus that causes intra- and extra-vascular haemolysis and bone marrow suppression.
It cannot be treated |
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What is the Coggins' test?
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A screening test for equine infectious anaemia.
ELISA may also be used to detect the virus. |
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What disease occurs when mares produce antibodies against foal red blood cells that are secreted in colostrum?
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Neonatal isoerythrolysis. Causes intra- and extra-vascular haemolysis in foals aged 12 hours - 12 days.
Treat by transfusing washed red blood cells from the mare |
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What preservative is used for stored blood?
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Citrate
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What is cryoprecipitate?
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A concentrated form of several coagulation factors. It is transfused pre-operatively to dogs with von Willebrand's disease.
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What type of virus is FeLV?
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Enveloped Gammaretrovirus
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What is FeLV p27?
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Protein produced by infected cells and secreted in tears, saliva and plasma. It is the basis of diagnostic tests
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What is FeLV p15E?
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Protein that causes immunosuppression
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What is the target for FeLV vaccine production?
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Protein gp70. This protein defines the viral subgroup.
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What is FeLV-A?
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The FeLV subgroup found in all naturally infected cats
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What is FeLV-B?
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The FeLV subgroup found in around 50% of FeLV+ cats. It is associated with neoplastic transformation
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What is FeLV-C?
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The FeLV subgroup found in about 1% of naturally infected cats. It is associated with erythroid hypoplasia and severe anaemia
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What type of virus is FIV?`
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Lentivirus
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Describe the pathogenesis of FIV
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There is acute lymphandenopathy with neutropenia/lymphopenia while the virus replicates in lymphoid tissue and salivary glands. It later spreads to mononuclear cells in non-lymphoid organs.
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Is antiviral therapy for FIV useful?
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Antiviral therapy inhibits new infection but not replication in infected cells, and carries a risk of myelotoxicity or Heinz-body anaemia. Resistant FIV mutants start to develop within 3 months.
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What signs are associated with feline coronavirus?
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Mild or inapparent upper respiratory or gastrointestinal signs.
A small proportion of cats go on to develop FIP |
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What biochemical findings are associated with effusive FIP?
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Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinaemia, neutrophilia, hyperbilirubinaemia, lymphopenia and mild, non-regenerative anaemia
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What treatment is there for effusive FIP?
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glucocorticoids, chlorambucil, interferon and aspirin.
Prognosis is grave. |
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What is the significance of Mycoplasma haemominitum infection in FeLV+ cats?
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Promotes neoplastic transformation
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What stain is used to detect mycoplasma on a blood smear?
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Acaridine orange
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What treatment should be given to cats with haematogenous mycoplasma infection?
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Doxycycline, immunosuppressive prednisolone.
Cats are always at risk of relapsing when stressed. |
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What is feline infectious anaemia?
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Mycoplasma infection causing immune-mediated haemolysis.
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What does platelet glycoprotein 1b do?
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Binds vWF to attach platelets to collagen
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What does platelet glycoprotein IIbIIIa do?
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Binds fibrinogen to attach adjacent platelets to each other
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What 2 types of platelet granule are there?
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Membrane-bound red alpha granules contain clotting factors
Dense granules contain ADP and calcium |
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What happens in primary haemostasis?
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Damaged endothelium releases vWF which adheres platelets to exposed collagen. The primary platelet plug is formed.
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What happens in secondary haemostasis?
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Platelets degranulate activating the extrinsic coagulation cascade, resulting in fibrin stabilisation of the primary platelet plug.
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What do ecchmoses/petechiae indicate?
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Thrombocytopaenia
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How should disseminated intravascular coagulation be managed?
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heparin, aspirin and transfusion of cryoprecipitate, plasma or whole blood (for antithrombin)
Prognosis is poor |
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What are the 3 types of von Willebrand's disease?
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-Type 1 (90%): all vWF multimers present but in decreased concentrations
-Type 2: large vWF multimers disproportionately decreased -Type 3 (rarest): absence of all vWF multimers |
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What disease is associated with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (ovis)?
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Only mild disease in life, but caseous abscessation of lymph nodes which is of economic importance
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A pig has splenic infarction. What did it die of?
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Swine fever
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What cell does Leishmania replicate in?
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Macrophages
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What happens if an animal infected with Leishmania infantum launches a cell-mediated immune response?
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It either clears the disease or becomes a clinically healthy carrier
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What Babesia species mainly affects European hunting and sheepdogs in spring and autumn?
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Babesia canis canis (large form).
Causes moderate haemolytic anaemis and thrombocytopaenia |
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What Babesia species causes the most severe acute disease?
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Babesia canis rossi (large form). Found in South Africa and the Sudan.
Causes severe haemolytic anaemia |
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What is the geographical distribution of Babesia canis vogeli (large form)?
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Worldwide
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What can be used to treat large forms of Babesia?
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Imidocarb dipropionate (thought to interfere with polyamine synthesis)
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How is Babesia gibsoni (small form) treated?
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Nothing clears the disease.
Atovaquone and azythromycin are palliative. Prognosis is guarded |
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What protozoal disease causes chronic disease of pit bull terriers and other fighting dogs in the USA and Australia?
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Babesia gibsoni (small form)
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Describe the pathophysiology of Ehrlichia canis infection
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1-3 week incubation.
Acute phase: replicates in monocytes. Mild disease only. Subclinical phase: haematopoiesis deteriorates and the animal develops pancytopaenia Chronic disease phase: acute-onset non-specific signs associated with severe haematopoietic defecits. |
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How is Ehrlichia canis treated?
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Doxycycline
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What treatment options are there for haemangiosarcoma?
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Total splenectomy: 3-12 weeks
Splenectomy and chemotherapy: 4-6 months |
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What is important to consider when operating on a patient with a splenic mass?
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Prone to DIC
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How is lymphoma staged?
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I - only one node/organ involved
II - involvement of all nodes in one region III - lymphadenomegaly IV - generalised involvement of many nodes/organs V - bone marrow involvement substage a=no clinical signs, substage b=clinical signs (worse prognosis) |
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If the owner of a patient with lymphoma doesn't want chemotherapy, what other treatments may be tried?
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Corticosteroids cause lymphocyte apoptosis and palliate the disease for 2-3 months
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What is cyclophosphamide?
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An alkylating agent
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What is Vincristine?
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Inhibits tubulin polymerisation
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What is doxorubicin?
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DNA intercalating agent
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What is Lomustine?
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An alkylating agent
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Outline suitable chemotherapy protocols for B- and T-cell lymphoma
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B-cell: COP or CHOP
T-cell: Lomustine/vincristine |
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What chemotherapeutic drugs are used in a COP protocol?
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Cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisolone
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What drugs are used in a CHOP chemotherapy protocol?
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Cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisolone and doxyrubicin
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What is the difference between stage V lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia?
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Lymphoma arises peripherally and spreads to the bone marrow, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia arises in the bone marrow
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells are CD34+ |
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How is acute lymphoblastic leukaemia treated?
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COP or CHOP protocols
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How is acute myeloid leukaemia treated?
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Cytosine arabinoside
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How is chronic lymphoblastic leukaemia treated?
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Chlorambucil and prednisolone
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How is chronic granulocytic leukaemia treated?
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Hydroxycarbamide
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What is myeloma?
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Plasma cell tumour of the bone marrow affecting old animals
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How is myeloma treated in cats?
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Chlorambucil and prednisolone
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How is myeloma treated in dogs?
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Mephalan and prednisolone
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What is polycythema vera? How is it managed?
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Primary erythrocytosis - causes signs attributable to increased viscosity of blood (e.g. blindess/seizures)
Treat by phlebotomy and IVFT. |
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Which lymphoma is associated with better prognosis - T cell or B cell?
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B cell
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What type of organism causes feline infectious peritonitis?
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Coronavirus, causing mild transient enteritis. Mutation in a small proportion of cats infects monocytes
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What immune response leads to which disease form in FIP?
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Th-1 (cell-mediated): recovery
Mixed Th-1/Th-2: granulomatous disease Th-2 (antibody-mediated): effusive disease |
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How is FIP controlled?
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Unknown why the common coronavirus mutates in some cats.
Intranasal vaccine available but not routinely used as questionable efficacy |
