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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is lyme disease caused by?
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a spirochete called borellia burgdorferi (#1 spirochetal disease in the US)
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what do you use for diagnosis of lyme disease?
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elisa and western blot
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what are the antigenic determinants of borellia species?
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multiple classes of outer membrane proteins
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where is lyme disease most prevalent?
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New england states: Mass, Connect, etc
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what is the name of the tick associated with lyme disease?
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Ixoides scapularis
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myositis + arthritis + connecticut.... dx?
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Lyme disease
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what are the two outer surface proteins that are differentially expressed on borellia?
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OspA and OspC
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what is the only season that you do not see lyme disease? why?
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winter because the female ticks are dormant and the male is dead.
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when are the nymphs most active in causing lyme disease?
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spring, summer and fall.
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T/F
In lyme disease humans are accidental hosts. |
true
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what animal do the larvae of ixodes scapularis feed on? what about the nymph?
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larvae- rat/ rodent
nymph- deer |
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what is the vector in lyme disease?
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tick
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what is the cycle of lyme disease?
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tick--> mouse --> deer
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how many stages are there of lyme disease? what is characteristic of each stage?
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3 stages
1---> (acute illness)--> concentric erythematis rash 2 --> (dissemination) --> CNS and cardiac issues 3 --> (late chronic form) --> destructive chronic arthritis + neuropathy + acrodermatitis atrophicans |
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when does lyme disease become very difficult to make a diagnosis?
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after stage 1
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at what stage do antibiotics stop working?
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after 2nd stage
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what is the vector in lyme disease?
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tick
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what is the cycle of lyme disease?
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tick--> mouse --> deer
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how many stages are there of lyme disease? what is characteristic of each stage?
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3 stages
1---> (acute illness)--> concentric erythematis rash 2 --> (dissemination) --> CNS and cardiac issues 3 --> (late chronic form) --> destructive chronic arthritis + neuropathy + acrodermatitis atrophicans |
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when does lyme disease become very difficult to make a diagnosis?
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after stage 1
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at what stage do antibiotics stop working?
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after 2nd stage
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at which stage of lyme disease does it stop being infectious and turn in to immune mediated?
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after the 2nd stage
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how do spirochetes attach to the host cell?
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via adhesins
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which Osp is abundant while in the ticks? which Osp is abundant while infecting humans?
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OspA; OspC
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what does the serum from a lyme arthritis patient react with?
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OspA and homologous epitopes in HLA.
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what is western-blot used as to diagnose lyme disease?
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confirmatory test after a positive eliza.
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what does the vaccine against B. burgdorferi contain? how does it work?
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contains OspA.... an infected tick feeds on the immunized host and receives the antibody against OspA (which is abundant in the spirochetes residing in the tick). This then leads to the killing of the spirochetes.
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how do you tx early lyme disease? what about CNS or CVS complications?
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early- oral amoxicillin or doxycycline
cns- IV ceftriaxone or penicillin G |
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where does trichinella live?
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in the upper GI of all meat eaters
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how do we usually get trichinella?
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via undercooked pork and bear meat
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what are the initial symptoms of trichinella?
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mimics influenza or viral fever (diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain)
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what does the second phase of symptoms look like for trichinella?
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puffiness around the eye, muscle and joint pain, SOB, eosinophilia
this occurs due to mass migration of larva and their entrance into the muscles. |
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how do you diagnosis trichinella?
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marked eosinophilia (2nd week onward)
elevated IgE, LDH, CK-MM Muscle biopsy-- larvae |
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what are the muscles that are most common used to biopsy for trichinella?
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deltoid and gastrocnemius
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how do you tx trichinella?
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corticosteroids
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what is special about the beef tapeworm?
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its hermaphroditic
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T. solium is the ____ tapeworm, T. saginata is the ____ tapeworm
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pig, beef
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what is the purpose of the tapeworm scolex?
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it has suckers and hooklets by which they attach strongly to the intestine and develop into an adult worm.
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who is the definitive host for tapeworms? who is the intermediate host?
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humans; pigs and cattle
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for helminths
What is the definitive host? What is the intermediate host? |
its the host in which the helminth spend its adult life cycle in.
its the host in which the helminth spend its larval life cycle in. |
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when do humans suffer from cysticercus? what is cysticercus?
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when humans serve as the intermediate . Cysticercus is when the larvae develop in the subcutaneous tissues, muscle, heart, lung, liver, brain and eye.
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how do you diagnosis taenia findings?
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findings eggs and proglottids in the stools, larva in a biopsy of a subcutaneous nodule and antibodies in the serum and CSF (IFA) if in the brain
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how do you tx taenia?
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praziquantal and niclosamide
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what are the three forms of toxoplasma gondii? what is the infective form? Invasive form? Tissue form?
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oocyst (infective), trophozoite (tachyzoite- invasive), and tissue cysts (tissue form)
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what is the pathogen of toxoplasmosis?
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toxoplasma gondii
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In Toxoplasmosis where does the immature oocyst come from? where does it mature?
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immature oocyte comes from the feline and it matures in the environment
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T/F
any animal can ingest the mature oocyst and cause the spread of toxoplasmosis. |
FALSE
only warm-blooded animals |
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what is the #1 cause of infection for toxoplasmosis? what are some other ways?
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consumption of undercooked meat
-handling litter box -organ transplant, blood transfusion or bone marrow transplant |
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what is the most dangerous toxoplasmosis? what may happen?
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congenital toxoplasmosis in the early phase of life before organogenesis. The child is usually , if the child is born then they will have CNS (microcephaly, hydrocephaly), and visceral involvement.
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what happens to pts w/ congenital toxoplasmosis acquired later on during pregnancy?
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may appear healthy at birth and develop epilepsy, retardation or strabismus months or years later.
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what is a delayed manifestation of congenital toxoplasmosis?
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healthy for the 2nd or 3rd decade of life and then they come down with chorioretinitis (repeated bouts of eye pain w/ loss of visual acquity)
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who do you give prophylaxis to? when?
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AIDs pts when their CD4 count reaches 100
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what is the common manisfestation of EBV?
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fever, sore throat w or without hepatosplenomegaly.
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if EBV (heterophil) is positive, what would you expect the diagnosis to be?
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CMV or toxo
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how do you diagnosis toxoplasmosis?
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serologic procedures
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how do you tx toxoplasmosis? what about in pregnant women?
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pyrimethamine and sulfonamides. (new drug---> atovaquone, very effective)
in preggos: spiramycin |
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what pathogen causes american trypanosomiasis? what bug is involved?
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trypanosoma cruzi; reduviid bug
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what are the four different morphological forms of T. cruzi? where are they?
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epimastigote--> gut of the reduviid bug (vector)
Trypomastigote --> blood of humans (host) Metacyclic trypomastigote amastigote--> tissue cells |
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which morphological form of T. cruzi is non-infective? which form has an undulating membrane?
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non-infective: metacyclic trypomastigote
undulating membrane --> trypomastigote |
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where do reduviid bugs reside? which population is most affected by chagas?
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mud adobe or thatch houses. Common in the latino population.
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what are other ways in which trypanosoma cruzi can be transmitted?
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through blood transfusions, organ tranplantation, transplacentally, and in lab accidents.
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for chagas disease, what would you see on a biopsy? what would you see in a blood test?
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amistagote; trypanomastigotes
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what is romana's sign? what is it indicative of?
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reddened eye, swollen lid and enlarged preauricular lymph node. This is indicative of the early phase of chagas disease.
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what is chagas disease one of the most important causes of?
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myocarditis
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what is the tx for chagas disease?
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nifurtimox and benznidazole
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