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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What cell surface molecules distinguish B cells and T cells?
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B cells express CD19
T cells express CD3 - helper T cells also express CD4 - killer T cells also express CD8 |
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What does Gram stain do?
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Stains the peptidoglycans on the cell wall of Gram positive bacteria purple.
Gram negative bacteria don't have a cell wall - instead they have a lipoprotein bilayer with lipoprotein projections. They appear pink under Gram stain |
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Briefly summarise the role of complement in immunity
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C3 dissociates into C3a and C3b. C3b opsonises bacteria and catalyses polymerisation of C9 monomers forming MAC (membrane attack complex)
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What is the function of interferon?
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alpha and beta interferon are produced in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA and inhibit virus replication/promote degradation
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What are the two types of major histocompatibility complex? What cell type mediates their expression?
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MHC class 1 express intracellular antigens
MHC class 2 express antigens from intracellular fluid NK cells degrade cells that do not express sufficient MHC 1 |
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What danger signals are expressed by antigen presenting cells?
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CD80 and CD86. They are recognised by CD28 molecules on T helper cells
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What are the two types of CD4+ T cells?
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Th-1 cells (cell-mediated immunity)
Th-2 cells (antibody-mediated immunity) |
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What is Grey Collie Syndrome?
What clinical signs does it cause? What is the aetiology? |
Canine cyclic haemopoiesis: cyclic production of cells from bone marrow causes fortnightly neutropaenia.
Causes recurrent infections, poor wound healing and stunted growth Autosomal recessive inheritance |
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What disease prevents neutrophil migration?
What type of animal does it affect? |
Canine/bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (CLAD/BLAD)
Affects dogs and holstein cattle |
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What TWO species are affected by SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome)?
How do the aetiology and clinical signs differ? |
Horses; equine SCID causes total absence of functional T or B cells due to V(D)J recombination insufficiency. Autosomal recessive
Dogs; canine SCID is lack of lymphocyte proliferation due to mutation of the IL-2 receptor. X-linked recessive |
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What are the THREE possible consequences of FeLV infection? What is the prognosis?
Outline how each form arises |
Neoplasia, myelosuppression (anaemia) and T-cell apoptosis (immunosuppression).
60% of cats recover. Some maintain a latent infection. FeLV-A (natural form) may combine with the cat's DNA to form FeLV-B (more oncogenic) or mutate spontaneously into FeLV-C (more myelosuppressive) |
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Describe the THREE stages of disease caused by FIV
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Primary phase (replication in lymphoid tissue)
Asymptomatic phase (indefinite) Destruction of CD4+ T cells leading to wasting disease with recurrent infections and neoplasia |
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What are the FOUR types of hypersensitivity reactions?
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Type I - immediate, IgE-mediated
Type II - IgM or IgG-mediated Type III - immune-complex deposition Type IV - delayed, T-cell mediated |
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What type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved in allergy?
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Type I or type IV
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What type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved in autoimmunity? Give an example of a disease involved in each type
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Type II: IMHA, immune-mediated thrombocytopaenia, Myasthenia gravis, pemphigus
Type III: Systemic lupus erythematosus Type IV: Hypothyroidism, Addison's disease, keratoconjuctivitis sicca, exocrine pancreatic disorder in GSDs |
