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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What THREE salivary glands are found in all species? What type of saliva do they secrete?
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Parotid (serous), submaxillary (mixed), sublingual (mucus)
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What amino acid is lost in bile in cats, making it essential? What signs does deficiency cause? How long do they take to occur?
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Taurine.
Deficiency (feeding dog food) causes central retinal degeneration, dilated cardiomyopathy and early foetal loss after about 6 months |
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What amino acid is essential in cats and growing dogs? What signs does deficiency cause? How long do they take to occur?
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Arginine
Deficiency (feeding non-animal protein) causes hyperammonaemia within hours-days |
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What is the function of thiamine (vitamin B1)? What does deficiency cause, and how might it arise?
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Cofactor of glucose metabolism and amino acid/fatty acid oxidation. Deficiency (may occur due to thiaminases in raw fish/shellfish) causes anorexia, weight loss, fixed dilated pupils, periodic opisthotonus, coma and weight loss
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What is the function of cobalamin (vitamin B12)? How is it obtained and stored? What does deficiency cause?
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Required for DNA synthesis and fatty acid production. Synthesised by microorganisms and stored in liver.
Deficiency causes anaemia and nervous insufficiencies |
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What type of lining does each compartment of the ruminant forestomach have?
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Rumen - papillae
Reticulum - honeycomb folds Omasum - sheet-like folds Abomasum - glandular |
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How much gas is produced in the bovine rumen?
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0.5-1litre per minute
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What effect does a high-roughage diet have on fatty acid production in the rumen? On milk composition?
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Increased acetyic and butyric acid produced, and increased milk fat
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What effect does a high-concentrate diet have on fatty acid production in the rumen? On milk composition?
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Increased proprionic acid produced, and increased milk sugar and protein
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What is the function of vitamin A? How is it obtained?
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Derived from plant carotenoids
Required for dim light vision, bone development and epithelial maintenance |
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When in lactation is peak yield? When is peak voluntary food intake?
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Peak yield 5-7 weeks
Peak VFI 10-12 weeks |
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What amount of dry matter does a lactating dairy cow consume daily?
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3% of bodyweight
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Targets:
Lactation period? Open period? Dry period? |
Lactation period: 43 weeks
Open period: 12 weeks Dry period: 40 days |
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How long is gestation in the cow?
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40 weeks
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What yield would you expect from a grass-fed cow? How much concentrate is required to supplement this?
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Grass is maintenance +20 litres
Each 1kg concentrate adds 3 litres to yield |
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What is a good composition for a dairy cow diet?
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50% or more fibres longer than 5cm
30% protein 5% or less fat |
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Name FIVE milk-borne zoonoses
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Salmonella
Campylobacter jejuni E. coli Yersinia enterocolitica Listeria monocytogenes |
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When do most hens lay? How many eggs per year?
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Lay starts at 18 weeks of age and peaks 6-7 weeks later
Average hen lays 270 eggs/year |
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When do broiler chickens reach slaughterweight?
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5 weeks
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When is beak trimming permissible in hens?
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Aged 5-10 days, if there is a demonstrable flock pecking problem
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Name the FIVE regions of the hen reproductive tract and their function
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Ovary (makes oocytes)
Infundibulum (site of fertilisation) Magnum (adds albumin) Isthmus (adds egg membrane) Uterus (adds shell and pigment) |
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What is the gestation period in the dog? Cat?
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Dog 63d, Cat 65d
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What FIVE diseases are dogs routinely vaccinated against?
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Distemper
Hepatitis Parvovirus Parainfluenza Leptospirosis |
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What FOUR diseases are cats routinely vaccinated against?
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Panleucopaenia/parvovirus (also called feline infectious enteritis)
Feline upper respiratory tract disease (herpesvirus/calicivirus, also called cat 'flu) Chlamydia FeLV |
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What is the gestation period in the sheep?
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147 days
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What FOUR diseases are lambs routinely vaccinated against?
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Clostridia
Pasteurellosis Erysipelas Orf (contagious exanthema) |
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When should sows be inseminated?
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8 hours after onset of oestrus, and again 8 hours later
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What is the composition of cows' milk? Sows' milk?
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Cows - 4% protein, 4% fat, 4% lactose
Sows - 5% protein, 8% fat, 5% lactose |
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Targets for pigs:
First litter Birthweight Preweaning mortality Weaning weight Litters/sow/year Pigs/litter |
First litter aged 12 months
Birthweight 1-2kg Preweaning mortality <10% Weaning weight 5-7kg 2.2-2.5 litters/sow/year 10 pigs/litter |
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How should the environmental temperature in the farrowing house be set?
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Sows should be kept below 20 degrees
Pigs should be provided a warm box at 30-32 degrees for the first week of life, decreasing by 1 degree a day thereafter |
