Y1 Anatomy Rvc Finals

Front 1

What are axons and dendrites?

Back 1

Neurones have one AXON, which transmit signals away from the cell body.

All other branches are DENDRITES, which transmit signals toward the cell body.

Front 2

What is the name for a collection of cell bodies in the CNS? PNS?

Back 2

CNS = nucleus

PNS = ganglion

Front 3

What are the three types of nervous tissue found in the CNS?

Back 3

Grey matter (unmyelinated fibres)

White matter (myelinated fibres)

Reticular formation (even distribution of grey and white matter)

Front 4

What cell types are formed from reticular cells?

Back 4

Reticular fibres (stroma of haemopoietic tissue)

Macrophages (may be fixed to reticular fibres or mobile)

Blood cells

Front 5

Where are chondrocytes found?

Back 5

In sparse lacunae in the cartilage matrix, often in small groups or linear forms

Front 6

Describe the structural differences between hyaline and fibrocartilage

Back 6

Hyaline cartilage - few, randomly arranged collagen fibres

Fibrocartilage - dense, aligned collagen fibres

Front 7

Where are osteocytes found?

Back 7

In lacunae within the bone matrix. Their processes lay in canaliculi

Front 8

What structural properties of bone matrix resist mechanical forces?

Back 8

The bone matrix consists of collagen and mineral salts (mainly calcium phosphate). Collagen fibres are arranged in different directions in adjacent lamellae.

Front 9

Describe the structure of spongy bone

Back 9

Bars and plates of bone tissue called trabeculae, each of which contains a few lamellae arranged parallel to each other or in concentric sheets

Front 10

Describe the structure of compact bone

Back 10

Blood vessels and nerves in loose connective tissue lay in narrow axial canals surrounded by concentric sheets of lamellae - this constitutes a Haversian system or osteone. Irregularly arranged lamellae fill the spaces between cylindrical osteones.

Front 11

Describe intramembranous ossification

Back 11

Osteoblasts lay down semi-fluid ground substance (osteoid tissue) which is almost immediately calcified before undergoing a chemical change to become bone

Front 12

Describe endochondral ossification

Back 12

A scaffold of calcified cartilage undergoes a subtle chemical change to become bone

Front 13

What is the name of an epiphysis at the site of insertion of a tendon?

Back 13

Traction epiphysis

Front 14

What is the name of an epiphysis not at the end of a long bone or site of insertion of a tendon?

Back 14

Atavistic epiphysis

Front 15

Name the SIX laryngeal cartilages and describe their relationship to one another

Back 15

Epiglottis - ventral flap of cartilage that closes the glottis during swallowing
Thyroid cartilage (paired) - large flat wings joined ventrally on the midling, rostral to they hyoid and forming a synovial joint caudally with the cricoid
Cricoid - ring-like cartilage
Arytenoids (paired) - between the laminae of the cricoid and thyroid

Front 16

Describe the vocal apparatus

Back 16

Vocal ligaments run from ventral arytenoids to junction of thyroid laminae. Mucous membrane covering forms the vocal fold

Front 17

What runs from the ventral liver to the umbilicus in neonates? In adults?

Back 17

In neonates the umbilical vein, which becomes the teres ligament in adults

Front 18

Where is the quadrate lobe of the liver?

Back 18

Between the left and right lobes

Front 19

Where is the caudate lobe of the liver?

Back 19

Associated with the right lobe dorsally

Front 20

Where is the gall bladder and biile duct?

Back 20

The gall bladder lays between the quadrate and right lobes of the liver. The bile duct crosses the right lobe on its path to proximal duodenum

Front 21

Describe the crura of the penis

Back 21

Paired cavernous erectile tissue structures that attach the penis to the ischium (the root of the penis) and continue along the penis on the aspect closest to the abdominal floor as the corpus cavernosa

Front 22

What is the os penis?

Back 22

In the dog and cat the albuginean tunic of the corpus cavernosa breaks down and the tissue of the two crura fuses to form the bone of the penis

Front 23

What is the corpus spongiosum?

Back 23

The spongiose tissue of the penis is between the two corpus cavernosa and encircles the urethra along its length to eventually form the erectile tissue of the glans

Front 24

Name the outermost meningeal membrane, and describe it

Back 24

Dura mater - tough, fibrous and interwoven with cerebral (but not vertebral) periostium

Front 25

What is in the epidural space?

Back 25

Fat and blood vessels.

There is no cranial epidural space as the dura mater is interwoven with cranial periostium

Front 26

What is the middle meningeal membrane?

Back 26

Arachnoid mater - closely applied to the dura mater but communicates with the pia mater by a network of delicate collagenous fibres

Front 27

Where is CSF found?

Back 27

Sub-arachnoid space

Front 28

What is the innermost meningeal membrane?

Back 28

Pia mater - very vascular, directly applied to the brain/spinal cord

Front 29

Where do sympathetic fibres leave the CNS?

Back 29

Ventral roots of thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

Front 30

Where do parasympathetic fibres leave the CNS?

Back 30

Cranial nerves and ventral roots fo some sacral nerves

Front 31

Where do somatic sensory nerves leave the spinal cord?

Back 31

Dorsal root

Front 32

Where do somatic motor nerves leave the spinal cord?

Back 32

Ventral root

Front 33

Where do visceral sensory nerves leave the spinal cord?

Back 33

Dorsal root

Front 34

Where do visceral motor nerves leave the spinal cord?

Back 34

Ventral root. Visceral motor nerves always synapse outside the CNS

Front 35

Name the cranial nerves. What is the acronym for names? Type?

Back 35

I - Olfactory (sensory)
II - Optic (sensory
III - Oculomotor (motor)
IV - Trochlear (motor)
V - Trigeminal (both)
VI - Abducens (both)
VII - Facial (motor)
VIII - Vestibulocochlear (sensory)
IX - Glossopharyngeal (both)
X - Vagus (both)
XI - Accessory (motor)
XII - Hypoglossal (motor)

Oh, oh, oh to touch and feel virgin girls' vaginas, ah heaven
Some some money matters but brother Mike say big boobs matter most

Front 36

Describe the bony labyrinth of the inner ear

Back 36

A vestibule with two diverticular - the spiral cochlea and the 3 semicircualr canal

Front 37

Describe the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear

Back 37

Semicircular ducts and cochlear duct. Suspended within perilymph, filled with endolymph

Front 38

What is within the middle ear?

Back 38

3 ossicles:
- Malleus (attached to tympanic membrane)
- Incus (articulating)
- Stapes (sealed into vestibular fenestra by a fibrous collar)