Xxx - Immuno I (Basic Understanding)

Front 1

Lymphatic structures

- which are Encapsulated? x2
- which are Encapsulated & has Trabeculae?
- which are Non-encapsulated? x2

Back 1

- LN
- Thymus

- LN contains Trabeculae

- Spleen
- Marrow

Front 2

T-cell differentiation & maturation occurs where?

B-cell differentiation & maturation occurs where?

Back 2

- Thymus

- Bone marrow

Front 3

Lymphoid structures

- Fenestrated "Barrel Loop" basement membrane
- what cells are nearby this basement membrane?

Back 3

- Spleen (sinusoids)

Front 4

Lymph Node

- contains B-cells
- contains Macrophages
- contains T-cells

Back 4

- Follicle
(b/c follicle sounds like "bollicle")

- Medullary
(M = M)

- Paracortex
(paracorTEX)

Front 5

Lymph Node

- Primary Follicles located where?
- Active or Dormant?

Back 5

- Outer Follicular Cortex (of LN)

- Dormant

Front 6

Lymph Node

- Secondary Follicles located where?
- Active or Dormant

Back 6

- PALE Germinal Center of Follicle

- Active

Front 7

Lymph Node

- Medullary CORD contains what cells?

Back 7

- Plasma cells (closely packed)

(also contains lymphocytes)

Front 8

Lymph Node

- Medullary SINUS contains what cells?

Back 8

- Macrophages

(also contains reticular cells)

Front 9

Lymph Node

- Active part of a follicle has what visual feature?

- contains what cells?

Back 9

- Pale Germinal Center (of Follicle)

- B-cells (Bollicle)

Front 10

Lymph Node

- Paracortex is located where in the LN

Back 10

- in the Cortex between the Follicle & Medulla

Front 11

Lymph Node

- what part of the LN communicates with the EFFERENT lymphatics?

Back 11

- Medullary sinus

Front 12

Lymph Node

- what are 3 distinguishing features of the Paracortex?

Back 12

("Para Cor TEX" or "Paracor-T-EX")

1.) Postcapillary Venules (HEV)
2.) T-cells
3.) Extreme Cellular Immunity causes swelling (i.e. - as w/ viral)

Front 13

Lymph Node

- Circulating B-cells and T-cells from Blood enters the LN via what?

- this passage is also called what?

Back 13

- Postcapillary venules

- High Endothelial Venules (HEV)

Front 14

Lymph Node

- In severe viral infections, what type of extreme immune response occurs?

- this type of response causes what physical change to the LN?

Back 14

- Extreme Cellular Immune response

- Swelling of the Paracortex

Front 15

SPLEEN (SINUSOIDS)

Which Splenic structure is also found in the LN?

a.) Follicle
b.) Medulla
c.) Paracortex

Back 15

- Follicle

(which is in the white pulp & contains B-cells)

Front 16

SPLEEN (SINUSOIDS)

- Spleen can be visually separated in to what 2 compartments?

Back 16

- (outer) Red Pulp

- (inner) White Pulp

Front 17

SPLEEN (SINUSOIDS)

- Long Vascular channels are found in the _____ pulp?

- These have what type of basement membrane?

Back 17

- Red Pulp

- Fenestrated "Barrel Loop"
(basement membrane)

Front 18

SPLEEN (SINUSOIDS)

- T-cells are found where?

Back 18

- PALS

- White Pulp

Front 19

SPLEEN (SINUSOIDS)

- B-cells are found where?

Back 19

- Follicles within the White Pulp

Front 20

SPLEEN (SINUSOIDS)

- RBC's are found where?

Back 20

- Red Pulp

Front 21

Splenic Dysfunction

- associated decrease in what Ig ?
- this decrease affects immune how?
- how is the important clinically?

Back 21

- IgM (decreases)

- Decreased Complement Activation
(thus decreased C3b opsonization)

- Susceptibility to Encapsulated organisms

Front 22

Splenic Dysfunction

- causes susceptibility to organisms with what virulence factor?

- give some examples

Back 22

- Encapsulated organisms

- Strep. pneumoniae
- H. Influenzae
- Neisseria Meningitidis
- (? Klebsiella pneumoniae)
- (? Salmonella spp.)
- (? GBS)

Front 23

A decrease in _____ opsonization causes susceptibility to ___________ microorganisms.

Back 23

C3b

Encapsulated

Front 24

Splenic Dysfunction

Post-splenectomy patients manifest

- what "bodies" in their blood?
- have what RBC appearance?
- have what constant condition?

Back 24

- Howell-Jolly bodies

- Target cells

- Thrombocytosis

Front 25

SPLEEN (SINUSOIDS)

- In the Marginal Zone (btw red & white pulp), what cells are usually seen nearby?

Back 25

- APCs (macrophages)

Front 26

SPLEEN (SINUSOIDS)

- Macrophages are found where in the spleen?

- Macrophages have what function in the spleen?

Back 26

- Near the fenestrated "barrel hoop" basement membrane
(of the Red Pulp)

- Remove Encapsulated Bacteria

Front 27

Where are Encapsulated Bacteria removed?

By what cells?
(cells are located near what structure?)

Back 27

- Spleen

- Macrophages

- Basement membrane of vascular channels
(which are fenestrated with "barrel-loop" appearance)

Front 28

THYMUS

- Thymus is derived from which embryologic tissue?

- Thymus is derived from which embryologic structure?

Back 28

- Epithelia

- 3rd Pharyngeal (or Branchial) POUCH

Front 29

THYMUS

- What part of the Thymus is Dense?

- what type of cells are in this area?

Back 29

- Cortex

- Immature T-cells

Front 30

THYMUS

- What part of the Thymus is Pale?

- what type of cells are in this area?

Back 30

- Medulla

- Mature T-cells
- Reticular cells

Front 31

Hassall's corpuscles

- are found in what Lymphoid structure?
- specify exact location within the structure.

Back 31

- Thymus

- Medulla of Thymus

Front 32

What is Positive Selection?

Where does is occur at?

Back 32

- (selection for) MHC restriction

- Corticomedullary junction
(of Thymus)

Front 33

Paracortex (of the LN) SWELLING:

- occurs under what conditions?
- example of this condition occurs when?

Back 33

- Extreme cellular immune response

- Viral infection

Front 34

What is Negative Selection?

Where does it occur at?

Back 34

- (selection for) Self Nonreactivity

- Corticomedullary junction
(of Thymus)

Front 35

DiGeorge Syndrome

- physical changes are seen in what lymphatic structure?
- what is the physical change?

Back 35

- LN

- lack of development of the Paracortex

Front 36

THYMUS

- Lymphocytes of the spleen are of what embryological tissue origin?

Back 36

- Mesenchymal tissue

Front 37

Periarterial Lymphatic Sheath (PALS)

- found in what Lymphoid structure?
- contains what cells?

Back 37

- Spleen

- T-cells

Front 38

LYMPH NODES

- list 4 functions

Back 38

- nonspecific Filtration
(by Macrophages)

- B-cell storage/activation
- T-cell storage/activation

- Antibody Production

Front 39

Antibodies are produced in what Lymphatic structure?

Back 39

- Lymph node

Front 40

T-cells

- Differentiation occurs where?
- Maturation occurs where?
- Storage occurs where?
- Activation occurs where?

Back 40

- Thymus
- Thymus
- LN
- LN

Front 41

B-cells

- Differentiation occurs where?
- Maturation occurs where?
- Storage occurs where?
- Activation occurs where?

Back 41

- Bone Marrow
- Bone Marrow
- LN
- LN

Front 42

Pale, Central Germinal Centers

- are where?
- are within what structure?

Back 42

- LN

- Secondary Follicle

Front 43

INNATE IMMUNITY

- consists of what cells/pathway? x5

Back 43

(CNN MD)

- Complement pathway
- Neutrophils
- NK cells

- Macrophages
- Dendritic cells

Front 44

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

- consists of what cells/pathway? x3

Back 44

- T cells
- B cells

- (circulating) Antibodies

Front 45

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

- Receptors recognize what?
- Once recognized, it will undergo _______ during _________.

Back 45

- Pathogens

- V(D)J recombination

- Lymphocyte development

Front 46

INNATE IMMUNITY

- Receptors recognize what?

Back 46

- Pathogens

- Germline encoded

Front 47

MHC

- encoded by what genes
- what is their function? x2

Back 47

- HLA genes

- Present Antigens to T-cells
- Bind T-cells

Front 48

MHC

- MHC I genes?
- MHC II genes?

Back 48

- HLA A
- HLA B
- HLA C

- HLA DP
- HLA DQ
- HLA DR

Front 49

MHC

- MHC I is expressed on what cells?
- MHC II is expressed on what cells?

Back 49

- All nucleated cells

- only on APC's

Front 50

MHC

- Describe the Antigen Loading of MHC I

Back 50

- Antigen is mostly INTRACELLULAR PEPTIDES

- Antigen Loading occurs in the RER

Front 51

MHC

- Describe the Antigen Loading of MHC II

Back 51

- Antigen Loading occurs after release of INVARIANT chain

- Antigen Loading occurs in the (acidified) PHAGOLYSOSOME

Front 52

MHC

- which MHC mediates Viral Immunity?

Back 52

- MHC I

Front 53

MHC

- MHC I can also PAIR with what structure?

- why pair up?

Back 53

- Beta-2-microglobulins

- Aid in Transport to Cellular Surface

Front 54

MHC

- MHC I binds to what receptors?
- MHC II binds to what receptors?

Back 54

- TCR
- CD8

- TCR
- CD4

Front 55

MHC

- Describe the peptide binding groove of MHC I

- Describe the peptide binding groove of MHC II

Back 55

- Involuted (looks like 3 leaf clover)

- Open (looks like a cup)

Front 56

MHC

- RBC's have what MHC?

Back 56

- does not have MHC

(b/c not nucleated & not invariant)

Front 57

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

- induces apoptosis of what cells?

(induce apoptosis using what?)

Back 57

- Virally infected cells
- Tumor cells

(Perforin & Granzymes)

Front 58

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

- Activity is enhanced by what chemo/cytokines?

Back 58

- IFN-alpha
- IFN-beta

- IL12

Front 59

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

- Induced to kill under what 2 conditions?

Back 59

- Exposure to nonspecific activation signal

(and/or)

- Absence of MHC I

Front 60

MHC

- Target cells without MHC I are destined to be what?

Back 60

- Induced in to Apoptosis by NK cells

(this doesn't occur with RBCs tho)

Front 61

B-cell vs. T-cell

- which makes antibodies?
- via what immunoglobulin?

Back 61

B-cells

IgG

Front 62

B-cell vs. T-cell

- which activates the Complement system?
- via what immunoglobulin?

Back 62

B-cells

IgM & IgG

Front 63

B-cell vs. T-cell

- which sensitizes Mast cells
- via what immunoglobulin?

Back 63

B-cell

IgE

Front 64

B-cell vs. T-cell

- which T-cells help B-cells make Ab

Back 64

CD4 T-cells

Front 65

B-cell vs. T-cell

- which cells produce IFN-gamma?

- what is the purpose of producing IFN-gamma?

Back 65

CD4 T-cells

Activates Macrophages

Front 66

B-cell vs. T-cell

- which cells kill virus-infected cells directly?

Back 66

CD8 T-cells

Front 67

B-cell vs. T-cell

- B-cells are associated with which Types of Hypersensitivity RxN?

- T-cells are associated with which Types of Hypersensitivity RxN?

Back 67

- I, II, III

- IV

Front 68

What are the 3 types of Organ Rejection?

Which cells (B-cell or T-cell) are involved with each?

Back 68

Hyperacute organ rejection (Ab mediated)
- B-cells

Acute organ rejection
- T-cells

Chronic organ rejection
- T cells

Front 69

T-cells

- Precursors are where?

Back 69

- Bone Marrow

Front 70

T-cells

- @ the Thymus Cortex, what type of Selection occurs there?

- describe the T-cell there.

Back 70

- Positive Selection

- CD4+ / CD8+ T-cell

Front 71

T-cells

- @ the Thymus Medulla, what type of selection occurs there?

- describe the T-cell there.

Back 71

- Negative Selection

- CD4+ T-cell
- CD8+ T-cell

Front 72

T-cells

- CD8+ T-cells become activated to become what?

- the cell kills what?

Back 72

- Cytotoxic T-cells

- Donor Graft Cells
- Virus-infected cells
- Tumor cells

Front 73

T-cells

- CD4+ T-cells become activated to become what?

- the cell changes to what?

Back 73

- T-helper cells

- Th1 cells
- Th2 cells

Front 74

T-cells

- T-helper cells become Th1 due to what cytokine?

- T-helper cells become Th2 due to what cytokine?

Back 74

- IL-12

- IL-4

Front 75

T-cells

- which helper cells regulate CELL-MEDIATED Immunity?

Back 75

- Th1 cells

Front 76

T-cells

- which helper cells regulate HUMORAL immunity?

Back 76

- Th2 cells

Front 77

HELPER T-cell Activation

- involves which 2 cells?
- what is the Antigen?
- Antigen is made how?

Back 77

- APC
- CD4 T-cells

- Foreign Body

- APC phagocytoses the FB & links it to a MHC II

Front 78

HELPER T-cell Activation

- What is signal 1

Back 78

- MHC II + Antigen (FB)
(of APC)

- TCR
(of CD4 T-cell)

Front 79

HELPER T-cell Activation

- what is signal 2
(aka - co-stimulatory signal)

Back 79

- B7
(of APC)

- CD28
(of CD4 T-cell)

Front 80

HELPER T-cell Activation

- once activated, what does the Helper T-cell do?

Back 80

- Produce Cytokines

Front 81

CYTOTOXIC T-cell Activation

- involves what 2 cells?
- what is the antigen?
- antigen is made by what?

Back 81

- Virus-infected cell
- CD8 T-cell

- Endogenously synthesized

- Viral or Self

Front 82

CYTOTOXIC T-cell Activation

- what is signal 1

Back 82

- MHC I with antigen
(from virus-infected cell)

- TCR

Front 83

CYTOTOXIC T-cell Activation

- what is signal 2

Back 83

- IL-2

(from Th-1 cells)

Front 84

CYTOTOXIC T-cell Activation

- once the Cytotoxic T-cell is activated, what does it do?

Back 84

- Kill virus-infected cells

Front 85

B-cell Class Switching

- what is signal 1

Back 85

- IL-4
- IL-5
- IL-6

(from Th-2 cells)

Front 86

B-cell Class Switching

- what is signal 2

Back 86

- CD4 (of B-cells)

- CD40 Ligand (of Th cells)

Front 87

HELPER T-CELLS

- which one regulates Cell-Mediated Immune response?

- which one regulates Humoral Immune response

Back 87

- Th1

- Th2

Front 88

HELPER T-CELLS

- Th1 secretes what cytokines?

Back 88

IL-2

IFN-gamma

Front 89

HELPER T-CELLS

- Th2 secretes what cytokines?

Back 89

IL-4
IL-5
IL-6
IL-10

Front 90

HELPER T-CELLS

Which one:
- activates Macrophages?
- activates Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8 T-cells)

Back 90

- Th1

- Th1

Front 91

HELPER T-CELLS

Which one helps B-cells make Antibodies?

Helps B-cells make which Antibodies?

Back 91

- Th2

- IgE > IgG

Front 92

HELPER T-CELLS

Which Cytokine(s) inhibits:
- Th1
- Th2

Back 92

IL-10 (from Th2)

IFN-gamma (from Th1)

Front 93

HELPER T-CELLS

Which Cytokines induce:
- Th1
- Th2

Back 93

IL-12

IL-4

Front 94

HELPER T-CELLS

- Cytokine(s) that induce Th1
- Cytokine(s) that inhibit Th1

Back 94

- IL-12

- IL-10 (from Th2)

Front 95

HELPER T-CELLS

- Cytokine(s) that induce Th2
- Cytokine(s) that inhibit Th2

Back 95

- IL-4

- IFN-gamma

Front 96

HELPER T-CELLS

- Th cells have what receptor that allows it to interact with APC's?

Back 96

- CD4

Front 97

APC

- can be what 3 cell types?

Back 97

B-cells

Macrophages

Dendritic cells

Front 98

APC

- uses MHC II receptor to bind what T-cell receptor?

- uses MHC II receptor to bind what T-helper cell receptor

Back 98

- TCR

- CD4

Front 99

Macrophage-Lymphocyte Interaction

- Macrophages secrete what?
- Activated Lymphocytes secrete what?
- What happens next?

Back 99

Macrophages release
- IL-1
- TNF-alpha

Activated Lymphocytes release
- IFN-gamma

Released substances of both cells stimulate one another