Xxx - Bchm Iii - Nutrition

Front 1

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- absorption dependent on what parts of the body?

Back 1

- ileum

- pancreas

Front 2

Malabsorption syndromes (steatorrhea) than can cause Fat Soluble vitamin deficiencies. x2

Intake of what can cause Fat Soluble Vitamin deficiencies? x1

Back 2

- Cystic Fibrosis
- Celiac Sprue

- Mineral Oil

Front 3

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- all wash out easily from body except?

Back 3

- B12

- Folate (stored in liver)

Front 4

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- what is B1?
- what is B2?
- what is B3?

Back 4

- Thiamine
- Riboflavin
- Niacin

Front 5

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- what is B4?
- what is B5?
- what is B6?

Back 5

- Lipoic acid
- Pantethenoic acid
- Pyridoxine

Front 6

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- what is B9?
- what is B12?

Back 6

- Folate

- Cyanocobalamin

Front 7

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- besides the B-complex vitamins, list additional water soluble vitamins.

Back 7

- Vitamin C

- Biotin

Front 8

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- B-complex vitamin deficiencies often result in what 3 general symptoms?

Back 8

- Skin: Dermatitis
- Tongue: Glossitis
- Diarrhea

Front 9

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- what is Vitamin B1?
- acts as a cofactor for what enzymes?

Back 9

- Thiamine (TPP)

- Pyruvate DHase
- Alpha-Ketoglutarate DHase
- Branched Chain AA DHase
- Transketolase

Front 10

- Vitamin B1 deficiency effects Glucose in what way?

- This impairment results in?

- Wrongly administering what could worsen the scenario?

- What tissues are affected first?

Back 10

- Glucose Breakdown impairment

- ATP depletion

- Glucose infusion
(can worsen above)

- Brain & Heart
(these are highly aerobic tissues)

Front 11

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- B1 deficiency can cause what 2 conditions?

- what type of patients are susceptible to B1 Deficiency Dz

Back 11

- Ber1 Ber1
- Wernicke-Korsakoff

- Malnutrition patients
- Alcoholic patients
(secondary to malnutrition & malabsorption)

Front 12

DRY BERI BERI

- seen with what vitamin deficiency?
- Dry Beri Beri symptoms?

Back 12

- B12

- Polyneuritis
- Symmetrical Muscle Wasting

Front 13

WET BERI BERI

- seen with what vitamin deficiency?
- Wet Beri Beri symptoms?

Back 13

- B12

- High Output Cardiac Failure
(dilated cardiomyopathy)
- Edema

Front 14

WERNICKE-KORSAKOFF

- seen with what vitamin deficiency?
- most important symptoms seen
- are the symptoms reversible?

Back 14

- B12

- Confabulation
- Personality change
- Memory loss (permanent)

Front 15

WERNICKE-KORSAKOFF

- lesion is seen where?

Back 15

- Medial Dorsal Nucleus (Thalamus)
- Mammillary bodies (Hypothalamus)

(possibly in Periaqueductal Gray area)

Front 16

Wernicke-Korsakoff is a progression of what prior, preexisting disease?

Give the Triad symptoms associated.

Back 16

- Wernicke's Encephalopathy

- Confusion
- Ophthalmoplegia
- Ataxia

Front 17

Wernicke's Aphasia

- what type of aphasia is this?
- describe speech
- describe comprehension
- describe repetition ability

Back 17

- Receptive (sensory) aphasia

- Fluent (word salad)
- Poor
- Poor

Front 18

Wernicke's Aphasia

- Lesion location?

Back 18

- Superior Temporal Gyrus

(or Posterior Temporal Lobe)

Front 19

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- What is B2?
- Important B2 derivative?
- Why important?

Back 19

- Riboflavin

- FAD (....FADH2 and FMN)

- Cofactors for Oxidation/Reduction reactions

Front 20

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- Riboflavin is what?
- what breaks it down?

Back 20

- B2

- sunlight
(thats why no more milkman with glass milk jugs b/c milk is best source for B2)

Front 21

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- FAD is derived from what vitamin?
- FAD provides how much ATP?

Back 21

- B2

- 2

Front 22

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- B2 deficiency causes what conditions?

Back 22

- Cheliosis
- Corneal vascularization

Front 23

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- B3 is what?
- Important B3 derivatives?
- Why important?

Back 23

- Niacin

- NADH
- NADPH

- Cofactors for Oxidation/Reduction reactions

Front 24

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- B3 cofactors are required by what enzymes?

Back 24

- Pyruvated DHase
- Alpha-Ketoglutarate DHase
- Branched Chain AA DHase

Front 25

Niacin is from vitamin _____ .

Niacin can also be converted from ________ , but that requires the cofactor _______.

Back 25

- B3

- Tryptophan

- B6 (PP)

Front 26

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- B3 deficiency can lead to what condition?

- What are the Triad of symptoms?

Back 26

- Pellegra

(the 3 D's)
- Dementia
- Diarrhea
- Dermatitis

Front 27

PELLEGRA

- caused by deficiency of?
- can also be caused by what 2 other conditions (and describe why)?

Back 27

- Vitamin B3

- Hartnup's disease
(decreased Trp absorption)
- Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome
(increased Trp metabolism)

Front 28

PELLEGRA

- use of what drug can cause Pellegra?

- explain how?

Back 28

- Isoniazid (INH)

- INH induces B6 deficiency. B6 is a needed cofactor for the conversion of Trp to Niacin.

Front 29

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- Niacin is used in pharmacological doses to treat what?

- side effects?

Back 29

- Hyperlipidemia

- Facial flushing

Front 30

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- what is B4?
- what enzymes require it?

Back 30

- Lipoic acid

- Pyruvate DHase
- Alpha Ketoglutarate DHase
- Branched chain AA DHase

Front 31

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- Lipoic acid is what vitamin?
- What inhibits Lipoic acid?

Back 31

- B4

- ARSENIC !!!!!!!

Front 32

TRYPTOPHAN

- this amino acid what kind of charge?
- can be converted into what important products?

Back 32

- Neutral charge

(MSN)
- Melatonin
- Serotonin
- Niacin (req. B6/PP)

Front 33

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- B5 is what?
- is an essential component of what?

Back 33

(think 5 = "penta" "A"cid w/ Co"A")

- Pantothenoic acid

- CoA

Front 34

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- Pantothenoic acid is what vitamin?
- Pantothenoic acid is an essential part of what cofactor?
- Above cofactor is required in reactions of what enzymes?

Back 34

- B5

- CoA

- Pyruvate DHase
- Alpha Ketoglutarate
- Branched Chain AA DHase

Front 35

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- which vitamins are necessary for a group of important DHase enzymes?

- list the DHase enzymes

Back 35

B1 to B5

Pyruvate DHase
Alpha Ketoglutarate DHase
Branched Chain AA DHase

Front 36

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- What is B6?
- What is an important B6 derivative?

Back 36

- Pyridoxine

- Pyridoxine Phosphate (PP)

Front 37

Pyridoxine Phosphate (PP)

- comes from what vitamin?
- PP is a required cofactor for?

Back 37

- B6

(my 6" PP = Nice Hemi Trans-am for the DG Sista's)

- Niacin synthesis
- Heme synthesis
- Transaminases (all of them)
- Decarboxylase (all of them)
- Glycogen phosphorylase
- Cystathione synthesis

Front 38

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- Vitamin cofactor required for all Tranaminase enzymes?

Back 38

- B6

(PP)

Front 39

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- Vitamin cofactor required for all Decarboxylase enzymes?

Back 39

- B6

(PP)

Front 40

GLYCOGENOLYSIS

- what is the rate limiting enzyme?
- enzyme requires what cofactor?
- cofactor comes from what vitamin?

Back 40

- Glycogen Phosphorylase

- Pyridoxine Phosphate (PP)

- Vitamin B6

Front 41

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- B6 is what?
- B6 deficiency resulting in what signs and symptoms? x2

Back 41

- Pyridoxine (PP)

- Sideroblastic Anemia
- Peripheral Neuropathy

(also ==> irritability & convulsions)

Front 42

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- B6 deficiency can also be caused by what medications?

Back 42

- INH

- some Oral Contraceptives

Front 43

TRANSKETOLASE

- important enzyme for what pathway?
- requires what cofactor?
- cofactor comes from what vitamin

Back 43

- HMP shunt

- Thiamine

- B1

Front 44

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- B9 is what?
- Converted into what important cofactor?
- Cofactor important for what reactions?

Back 44

- Folic acid

- THF

- 1-carbon Transfer reactions
(aka - Methylation reactions)

Front 45

TETRAHYDROFOLATE

- comes from what vitamin?
- cofactor for what reactions?
- important for synthesis of what?

Back 45

- B9

- 1C Transfer reactions
(aka - Methylation reactions)

- Nitrogenous Bases (nucleotide) synthesis
(for DNA & RNA)

Front 46

What is the first vitamin to run out whenever you have rapidly dividing cells?

Back 46

- B9 (Folic acid)

Front 47

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- Folic acid comes from what vitamin?
- Folic acid deficiency results in what signs and symptoms? x2

Back 47

- B9

- Macrocytic, Megaoblastic Anemia
- Neural Tube Defects

Front 48

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- Folic Acid Deficiency seen in what patients?

- Folic Acid Deficiency can occur with what medications?

Back 48

- Alcoholics
- Pregnant patients

- Phenytoin
- MTX
- Sulfonamides

Front 49

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- A small reserve pool of folate can be stored primarily where?

- Folate can be found in what foods?

Back 49

- Liver

- Green, Leafy vegetables
(don't overcook)

Front 50

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- what is B12?
- B12 derivative?
- B12 derivative is important for what enzymes?

Back 50

- Cyanocobalamin

- Cobalamin

- Homocysteine Methyltransferase
- Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase

Front 51

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- What are the 2 reactions requiring B12?

Back 51

Homocysteine + N-MTHF ==(B12)==> Methionine + THF

Methylmalonyl-CoA ==(B12)==> Succinyl-CoA

Front 52

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- Cobalamin cofactor comes from?
- Cobalamin cofactor needed to make?
- Cobalamin cofactor needed to recycle?

Back 52

- B12 (cyanocobalamin)

- THF

- Odd-numbered carbon Fatty Acids

Front 53

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- B12 is needed to recycle what?
- why is this important?

Back 53

- Odd-numbered carbon Fatty acids

- required for Myelin production

Front 54

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- B12 is found in what foods?
- B12 is synthesized by?
- B12 has a large reserve pool in?

Back 54

- Animal products

- Microorganisms ONLY.

- Liver

Front 55

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- B12 deficiency causes what signs and symptoms? x2

Back 55

- Macrocytic, Megaloblastic anemia
- Neuropathy (parethesia & SCD)

Front 56

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- B12 Deficiency causes neurologic symptoms due to abnormal ______ .

Back 56

Myelin

Front 57

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- Malabsorption induced B12 deficiency can be caused by what 2 conditions?

- can also be caused by what organism?

Back 57

(CGD)

- Celiac Sprue
- Gastroenteritis

- Diphyllobothrium latum

Front 58

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- B12 Deficiency can also be caused by a lack of what important protein?

- what conditions would cause the lack of the above protein?

Back 58

- Intrinsic Factor

- Gastric Bypass Surgery
- Pernicious anemia (Gastritis A)

Front 59

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- B12 Deficiency can also be caused by the absence of what anatomical structure?

- what conditions would cause the absence of the above anatomical structure?

Back 59

- Terminal Ileum

- Crohn's Dz

Front 60

SUBACUTE COMBINED DEGENERATION

- is caused by what deficiency?
- refers to degeneration of what? x2
- degeneration occurs due to loss of what tissue?

Back 60

- B12 deficiency

- DCML
- Lateral Corticospinal Tracts

- Myelin

Front 61

SUBACUTE COMBINED DEGENERATION

- usually accompanied by what type of anemia?

Back 61

- Pernicious anemia

Front 62

PERNICIOUS ANEMIA

- is a subclass of what?
- is caused by what Dz?
- Dz causes what effect on what cells?
- Cell effects lead to what?

Back 62

- Megaloblastic anemia

- Gastritis Type A (Autoimmune)

- Atrophic loss of Parietal Cells

- Leads to loss of Intrinsic Factor

Front 63

PERNICIOUS ANEMIA

- must include what 3 things in the etiology?

- causes what vitamin disorder?

Back 63

- caused by Gastritis Type A (Autoimmune)
- Loss of gastric Parietal cells
- Loss of Intrinsic Factor

- causes Vitamin B12 deficiency

Front 64

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- Schilling Test is used for testing what?

Back 64

- Etiology of Vitamin B12 deficiency

(B12 deficiency vs. Malabsorption vs. Pernicious anemia)

Front 65

NEUROPATHY

- seen in Vitamin B6 Deficiency
- seen in Vitamin B9 Deficiency
- seen in Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Back 65

- REVERSIBLE
Peripheral Neuropathy
(+ irritability & convulsions)

- NONE

- IRREVERSIBLE Neuropathy
(involving DCML & Lat. Corticospinal Tracts)

Front 66

Vitamin deficiency associated with Subacute Combined Degeneration (myelin loss of DCML & Lat. Corticospinal tracts)?

Back 66

- B12

Front 67

Vitamin Deficiency which can cause possible irreversible neuropathy

Back 67

- B12

Front 68

Vitamin Deficiency associated with Crohn's Dz?

How does Crohn's Dz cause the deficiency?

Back 68

- B12

- Absence of Terminal Ileum

Front 69

Gastric Bypass Surgery

- may cause what vitamin deficiency?
- how so?

Back 69

- B12

- Intrinsic Factor Deficiency

Front 70

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- vitamins with SMALL reserve in the Liver

- vitamins with LARGE reserve in the Liver

Back 70

- B9 (Folic acid)

- B12 (Cyanocobalamin)

Front 71

ANEMIA

- seen in B6 deficiency
- seen in B9 deficiency
- seen in B12 deficiency
- seen in Vitamin E deficiency

Back 71

- Sideroblastic Anemia

- Macrocytic, Megaloblastic Anemia

- Macrocytic, Megaloblastic Anemia
- Pernicious Anemia

- Hemolytic Anemia

Front 72

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- which vitamin deficiencies manifest Hypersegmented Neutrophils?

Back 72

- B9

- B12

Front 73

SIDEROBLASTIC ANEMIA

- Associated vitamin deficiency
- Microcytic or Macrocytic?
- why does anemia occur?

Back 73

- B6 deficiency

- Microcytic

- available IRON can not incorporate into Hb

Front 74

SIDEROBLASTIC ANEMIA

- what are sideroblasts?

Back 74

- Nucleated, immature RBC with Iron accumulation seen in perinuclear mitochondria

Front 75

B12 Vitamin Deficiency

- can be confused with?
- why?
- what should you do?
- why?

Back 75

- B9 deficiency

- both have Macrocytic, Megaloblastic anemia with hypersegmented neutrophils

- Tx for B12 deficiency

- b/c prolonged B12 def. causes irreversible neuropathy

Front 76

1st line of Tx in Trigeminal Neuralgia

Back 76

- Carbamezapine

Front 77

TETRAHYDROFOLATE (THF)

- vitamin that's converted into THF?

- required COFACTOR for THF synthesis

- enzyme associated with cofactor

Back 77

- B9 (Folate)

- B12 (Cyanocobalamin)

- Homocysteine-Methyltransferase

Front 78

S- ADENOSYL-METHIONINE (SAM)

- what reaction froms SAM?

Back 78

(SAM backwards)

Methionine + ATP ==> SAM

Front 79

S- ADENOSYL-METHIONINE (SAM)

- function?

Back 79

- transfers Methyl units

Front 80

S- ADENOSYL-METHIONINE (SAM)

- in order regenerate SAM, what reactant must be regenerated?

- regeneration of the above reactant (thus SAM) requires what vitamins?

Back 80

- Methionine

- B9 (Folate)
- B12 (Cyanocobalamin)

Front 81

S- ADENOSYL-METHIONINE (SAM)

- the conversion of what neurotransmitter requires SAM?

Back 81

Conversion of NE to Epinephrine

Front 82

B9 (Folate) & B12 (Cyanocobalamin) are both required in the formation/regeneration of what methyl donors?

Back 82

- THF

- SAM

Front 83

Back 83

Front 84

BIOTIN

- required for what type of enzymes?
- list 3 important enzymes that require Biotin

Back 84

- Carboxylation enzymes which add 1C

(PAP)
- Pyruvate Carboxylase
- Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
- Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase

Front 85

BIOTIN

- give 3 important reactions involving Biotin as a cofactor
(include the change in Carbon #)

Back 85

Pyruvate Carboxylase:
Pyruvate (3C) ==> Oxaloacetate (4C)

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase:
Acetyl-CoA (2C) ==> Malonyl-CoA (3C)

Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase:
Propionyl-CoA (3C) ==> Methylmalonyl-CoA (4C)

Front 86

BIOTIN

- Biotin Deficiency causes what symptoms. x3

Back 86

(Biotin = Bald)

- Alopecia
- Dermatitis
- Enteritis

Front 87

BIOTIN

- Biotin Deficiency can be caused by? x2

Back 87

- Antibiotic use

- Ingestion of Raw Eggs

Front 88

Excessively ingesting Raw Eggs will lead to what vitamin deficiency?

What protein in the Raw Eggs is responsible for causing the deficiency?

Back 88

- Biotin deficiency

- Avidin

(Avidin in eggs Avidly bind Biotin)

Front 89

VITAMIN A

- cofactor for what hormone?
- necessary for production of?
- used in maturation of what cells?

Back 89

- PTH

- CSF

- Epithelial cells
(hair, skin, eyes, pancreas, mucus-secreting cells)

Front 90

VITAMIN A

- Deficiency symptoms?

Back 90

- Night blindness

(and dry skin)

Front 91

VITAMIN A

- contraindicated in what patients?
- why?

Back 91

- pregnant patients

- Teratogenic
(cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities,...)

Front 92

VITAMIN A

- Vitamin A is the basis of what meds?
- used to treat what?
- what precaution should be made?

Back 92

- Isotretinoin

- Severe Acne

- Pregnancy test
(b/c it is a teratogen)

Front 93

VITAMIN A

- Deficiency causes what changes in plasma levels?

Back 93

- PTH decrease

- Calcium decrease
- Phosphorous increase

(note: Ca+ & Phos. in "A"nti - directions)

Front 94

VITAMIN D

- Deficiency causes what plasma level changes?

Back 94

- Calcium decrease

- Phosphorous decrease

(note: both go "D"own)

Front 95

VITAMIN D

- effects on Skeletomuscle system
- this effect causes what electrolyte changes & where?

Back 95

- Increases Bone Resorption
(thus to Mineralize bone)

- Increases [Ca2+] & [Phosphorous]
in the ECF
(to provide Ca2+ & Phos. from old bone to new bone)

Front 96

VITAMIN D

- effects on GI system
- how is this effect different from the effects of PTH?

Back 96

- Increases Ca2+ & Phosphorous absorption

- PTH does not increase Phosphorous absorption from gut.
(PTH = Phosphorous Trashing Hormone)

Front 97

VITAMIN D

- effects on the Renal System

Back 97

- Increases Ca2+ & Phosphorous Reabsorption

Front 98

VITAMIN D

- what is the active form of Vitamin D?
- aka?

Back 98

1,25 - Dihydroxycholecalciferol
(or 1,25-OH D3)

Calcitriol

Front 99

VITAMIN D

- what enzyme activates inactive Vitamin D into it's active form?

- under what condition would this enzyme become active?

Back 99

1-alpha hydroxylase

- Decreased Ca2+
- Decreased Phosphorous
- Increased PTH

Front 100

VITAMIN D

- Vitamin D deficiency causes what diseases?

Back 100

- Rickets (in kids)

- Osteomalacia (adults)

Front 101

VITAMIN D

- Vitamin D deficiency causes what change in plasma levels?

- this change causes what manifesting symptom?

Back 101

- Hypocalcemia

- Tetany

Front 102

VITAMIN D

- Vitamin D excess causes what changes in plasma levels?

Back 102

- Hypercalcemia
(also hypercalciuria)

Front 103

VITAMIN D

- Excess levels of activated Vitamin D in the plasma is associated with what disease?

- what causes the massive activation of Vitamin D?

Back 103

- Sarcoidosis

- Epithelioid Macrophages

Front 104

Hypercalcemia & Hypercalciuria associated with what vitamin disorder?

Back 104

Excess Vitamin D

Front 105

VITAMIN D

- Excess Vitamin D causes what symptoms? x2

Back 105

- Loss of Appetite (leads to weight loss)

- Stupor

Front 106

VITAMIN D

- discuss amounts seen in Drinking Milk

- discuss amounts seen in Breast Milk

Back 106

- Fortified with Vitamin D

- Decreased amounts of Vitamin D

Front 107

OsteoBLASTIC activity is stimulated by?

OsteoCLASTIC activity is stimulated by?

Back 107

- Vitamin D

- PTH

Front 108

VITAMIN D

- Associated Dz where Father gives to ALL his daughters.

- Inheritance pattern

Back 108

- Vitamin D Resistant Rickets

- X-Linked Dominant

Front 109

Vitamin D deficiency does not improve with administration of Vitamin D. What is the diagnosis?

Back 109

- Vitamin D Resistant Rickets

Front 110

Dz associated with LATERAL Bowing of Legs

Dz associated with ANTERIOR Bowing of Legs

Back 110

- Rickets
(Vitamin D Deficiency)

- Syphillis

Front 111

VITAMIN E

- primary function
- functional benefits for what cells?

Back 111

- Antioxidant for your blood

- Protects RBC membranes
(from free radicals)

Front 112

VITAMIN E

- Deficiency causes what effects on what cells?

Back 112

( E is for Erythrocytes)

- Increased Fragility of RBC membranes

Front 113

VITAMIN E

- causes what type of Anemia?

Back 113

- Hemolytic Anemia

Front 114

VITAMIN K

- primary function is to Katalyze what what reaction?

- Katalyze what residues?

Back 114

- gamma-carboxylation

- glutamate residues
(concerned with blood clotting)

Front 115

VITAMIN K

- is necessary for the synthesis of what clotting factors? x6

Back 115

Factors
- II
- VII
- IX
- X

Protein C
Protein S

Front 116

VITAMIN K

- synthesized by what?
- clinical correlation?

Back 116

- intestinal flora

- Neonates have sterile intestines, so can not synthesize Vitamin K. Thus give Vitamin K injection

Front 117

VITAMIN K

- Deficiency causes what Dz?
- Lab results for clotting time?

Back 117

- Neonatal Hemorrhage

- Prolonged PT
- Prolonged aPTT
- Normal Bleeding Time

Front 118

VITAMIN K

- Deficiency can occur in adults after prolonged period of what?

Back 118

- usage of Broad Spectrum Antibiotics

Front 119

Vitamin Requirements

- Carboxylation

- Decarboxylation

Back 119

- Biotin

- B6 (PP)

Front 120

PT tests what clotting factor pathway?

Follow with what anti-coagulant?

Back 120

Extrinsic

Warfarin

(WE - HI)

Front 121

aPTT tests what clotting factor pathway?

Follow with what anticoagulant?

Back 121

Intrinsic

Heparin

(WE - HI)

Front 122

ZINC

- Zinc deficiency causes what unique symptoms x3

Back 122

- dyguisia
- anosmia
- hypogonadism

(also hair loss everywhere)

Front 123

SARCOIDOSIS

- Plasma electrolyte changes?
- Urine electrolyte changes?
- what accounts for these changes?

Back 123

- Hypercalcemia

- Hypercalciuria

- Increased activated Vitamin D

Front 124

ETHANOL METABOLISM

- occurs in what 2 locations?
- what are the enzymes in those locations?

Back 124

1st) Cytosol
2nd) Mitochondria

- Alcohol DHase (in cytosol)
- Acetaldehyde DHase (in mito)

Front 125

ETHANOL METABOLISM

- what is the limiting reagent?

Back 125

NAD+

Front 126

ETHANOL METABOLISM

- which enzyme operates at Zero-order kinetics?
- where is this enzyme located?

Back 126

- Acetaldehyde DHase

- Mitochondria

Front 127

ETHANOL METABOLISM

- causes what ratio change?
- where?

Back 127

- increases NADH/NAD+ ratio

- Liver

Front 128

ETHANOL METABOLISM

- Increased NADH/NAD+ ratio will drive what 2 reactions?

Back 128

(PL OM wine)

Pyruvate ==> Lactate

Oxaloacetate ==> Malate

Front 129

ETHANOL METABOLISM

- what 2 amino acids are driven to formation?
- this stimulates what process?
- also inhibits what process?

Back 129

- Lactate
- Malate

- Fatty acid synthesis

- Gluconeogenesis

Front 130

ETHANOL METABOLISM

- In chronic alcoholism, what process is stimulated continuously?
- thus leading to what sign/symptom?

Back 130

- Fatty acid synthesis
(from increased lactate & malate)

- Fatty Liver
(hepatocellular steatosis)

Front 131

ETHANOL METABOLISM

- In chronic alcoholism, what process is inhibited continuously?
- thus leading to what sign/symptom?

Back 131

- Gluconeogenesis
(from increased lactate & malate)

- Hypoglycemia

Front 132

Back 132

Front 133

Back 133

Front 134

Kwashiorkor is malnutrition of?

Marasmus is malnutrition of?

Back 134

- Protein

- Energy

Front 135

Kwashiorkor signs/symptoms

Back 135

(Kwashiorkor results from Protein-deficient MEAL)

- Malnutrition
- Edema
- Anemia
- Liver (fatty)

Front 136

Marasmus signs/symptoms

Back 136

- Muscle wasting

Front 137

Small skinny child with swollen belly. What is the Dx?

Back 137

- Kwashiorkor

Front 138

What metabolism processes occur in the Mitochondria?

Back 138

(Mighty BOAT)

- Beta oxidation of FA
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Acetyl-CoA production
- TCA

Front 139

What metabolism processes occur in the Cytoplasm?

Back 139

(Sight-O-GPS)

Glycolysis
Pentose Phosphate Shunt (HMP)
Synthesis of:
==> Fatty acids
==> Proteins
==> Steroids

Front 140

What metabolism processes occur in both the mitochondria and cytoplasm?

Back 140

(it takes 2 to HUG)

- Heme synthesis
- Urea cycle
- Gluconeogenesis

Front 141

What is the difference in function between a Kinase vs. Phosphorylase?

Back 141

- Kinase uses ATP to add phosphate group

- Phosphorylase does NOT use ATP

Front 142

Dehydrogenase enzymes oxidize or reduce substrates?

Back 142

Oxidizes

Front 143

RATE LIMITING ENZYME

- Fatty acid synthesis?
- Fatty acid oxidation?

Back 143

("Fat Ass Cat")

- Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC)

- Carnitine Acyltransferaes I (CAT I)

Front 144

RATE LIMITING ENZYME

- which one requires B6?

Back 144

- Glycogen phosphorylase

(Glycogenolysis)

Front 145

RATE LIMITING ENZYME

- which one requires Biotin (B7)?

Back 145

- Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

(Fatty Acid Synthesis)