Xx - Respiratory Physiology I

Front 1

Define
Tidal Volume (Tv)

Back 1

Volume
NORMALLY Inspired OR Expired

Front 2

Define
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Back 2

Volume you can
Inspire BEYOND Tidal Volume

Front 3

Define
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Back 3

Volume you can
Expire BEYOND Tidal Volume

Front 4

Define
Residual Volume (RV)

Back 4

Volume
remaining AFTER MAX EXPIRATION

Front 5

Which Lung Volume (TIER) can NOT be measured by Spirometry?

Back 5

Residual Volume

Front 6

Define Anatomic Dead Space

(approximate value)

Back 6

Volume of CONDUCTING Airways

(~150 mL)

Front 7

Define Physiologic Dead Space (Vd)

Back 7

Lung Volume that
does NOT Participate in Gas Exchange

Front 8

Physiologic Dead Space in Normal Lungs is?

Back 8

Approximately Equal to Anatomic Dead Space (~150 mL)

Front 9

Physiologic Dead Space in Diseased Lungs with VQ Defect is?

Back 9

Greater than Anatomic Dead Space

Front 10

Physiologic Dead Space (Vd) equation

(provide definition of variables)

Back 10

= (Tv) x { (PaCO2 - PeCO2) / PaCO2) }

(PaCO2 = Pco2 of Alveolar air)
(OR PaCO2 = Pco2 of Arterial blood)
(PeCO2 = Pco2 of Expired air)

Front 11

Based on the Dead Space (Vd) equation, the Tidal Volume multiplied by what fraction?

Back 11

Dilution of
Alveolar Air by Dead Space Air

Front 12

Minute Rate = ?

Back 12

= RR x Tv

Front 13

Alveolar Rate = ?

Back 13

= RR x (Tv - Vd)

Front 14

Inspiratory Capacity (IC) = ?

Back 14

= Tv + IRV

Front 15

Functional Residual Volume (FRV) = ?

Back 15

= ERV + RV

Front 16

Definition of
Functional Residual Volume (FRV)

Back 16

Lung Volume remaining
AFTER Tv EXPIRATION

Front 17

What Lung CAPACITY can NOT be measured with Spirometry?

Back 17

FRV (b/c FRV = ER + RV)

TLC (b/c TLC = Tv + IRV + ERV + RV)

Front 18

Definition of
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

Back 18

Lung Volume
FORCIBLY EXPIRED
AFTER MAX INSPIRATION

Front 19

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) = ?

Back 19

= Tv + IRV + ERV

Front 20

Definition of
Total Lung Volume (TLC)

Back 20

Lung Volume
AFTER MAX INSPIRATION

Front 21

What Lung Volume is used during Exercise?

Back 21

IRV

Front 22

Total Lunch Capacity (TLC) = ?

Back 22

= Tv + IRV + ERV + RV

Front 23

Define
Forced Expiratory Volume 1 (FEV1)

Back 23

Volume Expired in the 1st Second
of Forced Max Expiration

Front 24

FEV1 is normally what value = ?

Back 24

80% of FVC

Front 25

Normal FEV1/FVC = ?

Back 25

= 0.8

Front 26

RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASE

- give example
- FEV1 ?
- FVC ?
- FEV1/FVC ratio changes how?

Back 26

- Fibrosis

- Decrease
- Decrease

- Increased or Normal

Front 27

OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE

- give example
- FEV1 ?
- FVC ?
- FEV1/FVC ratio changes how?

Back 27

- Asthma

- Decrease much more than FVC
- Decrease (not as much as FEV1)

- Decreased

Front 28

During normal Inspiration, what muscle is used?

When contracted, what volume change occurs of what cavity?

By doing what?

Back 28

Diaphragm

Increases
INTRATHORACIC Cavity Volume

Pushes abdominal contents down.
Lifts Ribs UP & Outward

Front 29

What INSPIRATION muscles are NOT used during regular Normal breathing?

When are they used normally?

When are they used in Dz states?

Back 29

1.) External Intercostals
2.) Accessory Muscles

Exercise

Respiratory Distress

Front 30

During normal expiration, what muscle is used?

Back 30

- None

Front 31

What EXPIRATION muscles are NOT used during regular Normal breathing?

When are they used normally?

In what Dz states are they used?

Back 31

- Internal Intercostals
- Abdominal muscles

- Exercise

- Increased Airway Resistance Dz
(i.e. - Asthma)

Front 32

Which Ventilation process is Passive?

What is the MOA?

What tissue is involved?

Back 32

Expiration

Lung/Chest-Wall System returns the it to its initial position After Inspiration

due to ELASTIC tissue properties

Front 33

PULMONARY COMPLIANCE

- refers to what property of what structural system?

Back 33

Distensibility
of
Lung-Chest Wall system

Front 34

PULMONARY COMPLIANCE

- Compliance in inversely related to?

Back 34

- Elastance (depends on Elastic tissue)

(the "stiffness")

Front 35

PULMONARY COMPLIANCE

- Compliance represent what on Pressure-Volume Curve?

- the P-V curve shows changes in lung volume for given changes in what pressure?

Back 35

Slope

Transmural pressure

Front 36

PULMONARY COMPLIANCE

- define Transpulmonary Pressure

Back 36

- Pressure difference between the Alveolar & Pleural pressures

Front 37

Transpulmonary Pressure = ?

Back 37

= Alveolar Pressure - Intrapleural Pressure

Front 38

PULMONARY COMPLIANCE

- Intrapleural pressure is located where in respect to the lungs?

Back 38

- Intrapleural Pressure is pressure in the pleura which is outside the lungs

Front 39

PULMONARY COMPLIANCE

Positive Intrapleural pressure effects on:

- Lungs
- Lung Volume

Back 39

- lungs COLLAPSE

- lung Volume DECREASES

Front 40

PULMONARY COMPLIANCE

Negative Intrapleural pressure effects on:

- Lungs
- Lung Volume

Back 40

- lungs EXPAND

- lung Volume INCREASES

Front 41

PULMONARY COMPLIANCE

- on the P-V Curve, describe how inspiration & expiration curves look.

- which characteristic is called what?

Back 41

- Inspiration curve looks different from Expiration curve

- Hysteresis

Front 42

PULMONARY COMPLIANCE

- On the P-V Curve, what Pressure ranges give Greatest Compliance?

- Means what for the Lung distensibility?

Back 42

- Middle Pressure ranges

- Greatest Lung Distensibility

Front 43

PULMONARY COMPLIANCE

- On the P-V Curve, what Pressure ranges give Least Compliance?

- Means what for the Lung distensibility?

Back 43

- High Pressure ranges

- Lowest Distensibility

Front 44

PULMONARY COMPLIANCE

- Lung Compliance ALONE (or Chest Wall Compliance ALONE) compared with Lung-Chest Wall compliance

Back 44

- Lung/Chest Wall Compliance is LESS

(than either Lung compliance or Chest Wall compliance alone)

Front 45

PULMONARY COMPLIANCE

- @ REST, the Lung Volume is what?

- above value implies what about the Airway/Lung Pressure?

- thus what is the value of the Airway pressure?

Back 45

- FRC

- Equal & Opposite
to Atmospheric Pressure

- Zero

Front 46

PULMONARY COMPLIANCE

- @ REST, what does the forces are Equal & Opposite?

- what does this imply about the tendency of the Lung-Chest-Wall System?

Back 46

Airway/Lung Pressure
& Atmospheric Pressure
(thus = Zero)

No tendency for lung collapse, nor chest wall expansion

Front 47

Airway/Lung Pressure is equal & opposite to Atmospheric Pressure:

- this will result in what what other pressure change?
- this occurs during when?

Back 47

- Intrapleural Pressure is NEGATIVE

- Rest

Front 48

PULMONARY COMPLIANCE

- air introduced into the intrapleural space causes the intrapleural pressure to be?

- Thus causing what tendency for the Lung/Chest Wall system?

- This occurs in what clinical situation?

Back 48

- Equal to the Atmospheric pressure

- Lungs will collapse (natural tendency)
- Chest Wall will Expand (natural tendency)

- Pneumothorax

Front 49

PNEUMOTHORAX

- air in introduced into what space?

- causing what pressure change?

- what is the resulting effect on the Lung-Chest wall system?

Back 49

Intrapleural space

Intrapleural pressure = Atmospheric pressure
(=0)

- Lung Collapse
- Chest Wall Expansion

Front 50

Lung Compliance increases,

- Lung-Chest Wall system will seek what FRC?
- Why?

- name a Dz where this occurs

Back 50

- a New, HIGHER FRC (so a higher overall volume)

- so Airway/Lung pressure balances Patm

- Emphysema

Front 51

Lung Compliance decreases:

- Lung-Chest Wall system will seek what FRC?
- why?

- name a Dz where this occurs

Back 51

- a New, LOWER FRC (so a lower overall volume)

- so Airway/Lung Pressure balances Patm

- Fibrosis

Front 52

INCREASED Lung COLLAPSE TENDENCY:

- due to what change in lung compliance?

- what condition is seen at the ORIGINAL FRC?

- this FRC condition causes Lung-Chest Wall system to?

Back 52

- DECREASED Compliance

- Lung Collapse tendency is GREATER
than tendency for Chest Wall Expansion

- Seek a New, LOWER FRC

Front 53

DECREASED Lung COLLAPSE TENDENCY:

- due to what change in lung compliance?

- what is seen at the ORIGINAL FRC?

- this FRC condition causes the Lung-Chest Wall system to?

Back 53

- INCREASED compliance

- Tendency for Lung collapse is LESS
than tendency for Chest Wall Expansion

- Seek a New, HIGHER FRC

Front 54

EMPHYSEMA

- Lung Compliance change?
- thus Lung Collapse tendency?
- what tendency is seen at the ORIGINAL FRC
- Lung-Chest Wall system will compensate by doing what?

Back 54

- Increased
- Decreased

- Tendency for Lung Collapse is
LESS than Chest-Wall Expansion

- a new Higher FRC

Front 55

FIBROSIS

- Lung Compliance change?
- thus Lung Collapse tendency?
- what tendency is seen at the ORIGINAL FRC
- Lung-Chest Wall system will compensate by doing what?

Back 55

- Decreased
- Increased

- Tendency for Lung Collapse is MORE
than Chest-Wall Expansion

- a new Lower FRC

Front 56

EMPHYSEMA

- compared to original, the FRC is?

- causes what manifesting symptom?

Back 56

- Increased FRC

- Barrel Chest
(reflecting increased volume change)