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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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study of 3 cellular elments of blood, rbc,wbc, and platelets
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hematology
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O2 carrying compound in rbc's
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hemoglobin, hgb, hb
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below normal levels of Hgb
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anemia
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ratio of rbc's to plasma
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hematocrit Hct
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hematocrit is increased by?
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smoking
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hematocrit is decreased by?
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anemia
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Hb x 3 = ?
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Hct
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RBCs (millions) x 3 = ?
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Hgb
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RBCs (millions) x 9 = ?
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Hct
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Wintrope indices are only significant if ?
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RBCs, Hgb, and/or Hct is abnormal
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MCV is increased by?
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smoking (the main one)
b12/folic acid deficiency,chronic liver dz, chronic alcoholism |
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what does wright stain, stain?
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the nucleus, allows examination of RBCs for abnormalities
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what do oval macrocytes indicate?
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b12 or folic acid deficiency or myelodysplasia
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what do round macrocytes indicate?
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alcoholism, cirrhosis, hypothyroidism
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hypochromic microcytic anemia is a result of
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chronic iron deficiency
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on a slide, what does basophilic stippling look like?
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a bunch of little dots
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on a slide, what do creanated cells look like?
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triangular projections
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on a slide, what do howell-jolly bodies look like?
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1 dot on the slide. and the dot is bigger than the dots basophilic stippling
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what are the WBC defferential values?
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neutrophils 50-70%
lymphocytes 20-40% monocytes 0-7% eosiniophils 0-5% basophils 0-1% |
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what is the most important WBC abnormality
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Pelger-Huet
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what is Pelger-Huet?
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when many of the nuclei hyposegment into a dumbbell shape, most often seen in cancer type issues.
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what is often the cause of increased neutrophils?
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bacterial infection
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what is often the case of increased lymphocytes
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viral infection
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eosinophilia can be caused by?
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parasites, allergies, chronic skin dz
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basophilia can be due to?
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chronic myelogenous leukemia
myeloproliferative dz |
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neutropenia can be due to?
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systemic lupus
overwhelming bacterial infection |
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what is Leukoerythroblastosis?
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the presence of immature WBCs and nucleated RBCs, b/c the mature ones are being wiped out due to tumors, anemia, acute hemorrhage.
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normal glucose range?
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70-105 mg/dl
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increased glucose levels are a sign of?
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diabetes, acute stress response, cushings
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decreased glucose levels are a sign of?
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hypothyroidism, insulinoma, addisons dz
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what is insulinoma?
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tumor that secretes insulin
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glucose tolerance test reference ranges
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fasting: 70-105 mg/dl
30 min: <200 1 hour: <200 2 hours: <140 3 hours:<70-105 4 hours: <70-105 |
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glycosylated hemoglobin reference ranges
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normal adult 2.2-4.8%
good diabetic control 2.5-5.9% |
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what is glycosylated hemoglobin?
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average blood glucose over the past 100-120 days
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increased glycosylated hemoglobin can indicate?
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newly diagnosed or poorly controlled diabetic patient
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decreased glycosylated hemoglobin can be due to?
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hemolytic anemia, chronic blood loss or chronic renal failure
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what is BUN and its reference range?
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blood urea nitrogen
10-20 mg/dl made in liver and excreted through kidneys so it evaluates both organs |
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increased BUN indicates?
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kidney pathology
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decreased BUN indicates?
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liver pathology
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what is creatinine?
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made from creatine phosphate and used in muscle contraction.
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increased creatinine?
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kidney dz
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decreased creatinine?
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decreased muscle mass
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what is expected if all electrolytes are elevated?
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kidney issue
dehydration |
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what is uric acid?
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final product of purine, used to evaluate gout.
deposits are called trophi |
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decreased uric acid can be?
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wilsons dz
falconi syndrome lead poison |
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sodium reference range?
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136-145 mEg/L
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potassium ref range?
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3.5-5.0 mEq/L
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calcium ref range?
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9.0-10.5
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increased and decreased ca++ means?
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increased = hyperparathyroidism
decreased = hypo |
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increased direct bilirubin
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obstruction due to gallstones, tumor, trauma
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increased indirect bilirubin
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hemolysis, erythroblastosis, fetalis, transfusion reaction,
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used to detect and monitor dz of liver and bone
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alkaline phosphatase ALP
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increased ALP
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cirrohsis, liver cancer, bone tumor
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3 classifications of anemia by pathology
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factor deficiency
production defect depletion |
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what is factor deficiency anemia
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iron,b12,or folic acid or some combo of the 3
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what is production defect anemia
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failure of blood forming organs to produce or deliver mature RBCs to the peripheral due to marrow fibrosis, neoplasm, chemical toxins, infection, or malignancy
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what is depletion anemia?
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from peripheral blood loss, hemorrhage
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classification of anemia by rbc morphology
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micro, macro or normocytic
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iron absorption is increased by?
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vit C
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what test does vit C interfere with?
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b12
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what transports iron?
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transferrin
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if iron isnt available, what binds with protoporphyrin?
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zinc
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decreased iron + decreased tibc suggest?
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chronic dz
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decreased serum iron + increased TIBC suggest
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iron deficiency
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decreased serum iron + decreased transferrin suggest
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thalessemia minor
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what is the gold standard for iron deficiency?
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bone marrow iron stain
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what is the functional test for b12 deficiency?
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methylmalonic acid MMA
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what is pernicious anemia
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b12 deficiency due to the lack of intrinsic factor
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what is the definitive test for pernicious anemia
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shilling test
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what are the 2 types of depletion anemia?
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loss of rbcs due to bleeding
destruction of rbcs. ie hemolysis |
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what is the cause of production defect anemia
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failure of marrow to incorporate adequate supply of raw materials.
failure of marrow to release mature rbcs destruction of rbc precursors in the marrow |
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where is aspartate aminotransferase AST found?
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concentrated in heart and skeletal muscle and in liver cells.
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what does lactic dehydrogenase indicate?
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cell damage
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what does creatine phosphokinase (CPK) indicate?
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injury to myocardium, skeletal muscle,or neurological tissue
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increased CPK-BB indicates?
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cns dz, pulmonary infarctions, breast or lung cancer
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increased CPK-MB indicates?
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cardiac damage
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increased CPK-MM indicates?
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damage to muscle, muscular dystrophy
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serum iron ref ranges?
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male - 80-180
female - 60-160 mcg/dl |
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increased serum iron indicates?
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iron poisoning
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decreased serum iron indicates?
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dietary iron deficiency, malabsorption, chronic blood loss
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increased acid phosphatase aka prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) indicates?
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prostatic carcinoma
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what is the ref range for prostatic specific antigen?
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<4 ng/ml
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what can elevate PSA for 24hrs?
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ejaculation
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what is used to evaluate the pancrease?
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amylase and lipase
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amylase ref range?
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60-120 somogyi units/dl
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carbon dioxide content is used to evaluate?
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PH
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increased c-peptide indicates?
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insulinoma, kidney failure
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what is the best test for inflammation?
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c-reactive protein
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used to indicate acute inflammatory condition?
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c-reactive protein
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what is erythrocyte sedimentation rate used to detect?
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acute or chronic inflammation
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what is the most sensitive blood test for iron deficient anemia?
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ferritin
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increased ferritin indicates?
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hemochromatosis
hemolytic anemia alcoholism |
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what is fibrinogen test used for?
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primarily to diagnose bleeding disorders
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increased folic acid indicates?
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pernicious anemia
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decreased folic acid indicates?
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malnutrition, malabsorption, pregnancy
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what does a positive HLA-B27 test indicate?
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AS, RA, reiters
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what is homocysteine used to evaluate?
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risk of vascular dz, and deficiency of b6, b12, or folic acid
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homocysteine is a metabolite of?
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methionine
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