Xiv. Swimming Pools And Rec Facilities

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In comparison to natural bathing areas, pools are

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highly preferable, due do the controlled environment

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What are example biological contamination sources for pools?

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Bacteria, viruses, fungi, helminthes, and protozoa

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What are the 3 most common pathogens in pools?

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Staphylococcus and streptococcus, and trachoma

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What causes typhoid fever and spreads in food & water with fecal contamination?

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Salmonella Typhii

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Causes Weils disease, spirochete contaminates natural sources from wild animal urine

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Leptospirosa spp.

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Bacterial swimmers itch. Thermophilic.

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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Legionnaires Disease, transmission via inhaled droplets

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Legionella pneumonphilia

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Causes bacilliary dysentery.

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Shigella (sonnei+flexneri)

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Caused by bacterial infection of sores and cuts. aquired by handling fish and aquariums, swimming in cold pools

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Mycobacterium marinum

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The most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis

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Camplylobacyer jejuni

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Fungi Contracted through skin skin contact or fomites. Cats a common carrier

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Ringworm/Tinea

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Free residual chlorine in a hot tub/spa should be

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3.0 mg/l to 5.0mg/l

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Hot Tubs/Spas should have a turnover rate of

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30 min

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pH in Hot Tub/Spas should be in the range of

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7.5 to 7.6

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Area per user in a Hot tub/spa should be

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10ft^2

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Temperature in a hot tub and total time in a hot tub should be

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100-102F, no more than 15 min at 104F

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Alkalinity in a Hot Tub or Spa should be in the range of

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120-150ppm

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Spa Water hardness should be between

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100-400ppm

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Most common filter in Hot Tubs and Spas

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Cartridge filter

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Bromine level in hot tubs/spas should be in the range of

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4-6ppm

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What helps prevent the formation of chloramines in spas and hot tubs?

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Superchlorination

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What must spas have to prevent hair entrapment?

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min 2 suction orifices, and ami vortex plates

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Condition of overheating the body

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hyperthermia

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What is the required pH range for a pool?

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7.2-7.6ppm

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What is the required alkalinity range for a pool?

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80-120mg/l

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in swimming pools, NTU cannot exceed

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0.5 NTU

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used to observe clarity in pools and water

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secchi disk

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What are the most common accidents with pools?

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Slips & falls due to wet ladders, decks, diving boards, slides/

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What is the lifeguard bather ration reccommended by the red cross?

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1LG/100bathers

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Enhances safety in public and private pools, by reducing suction entrapment

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Virginia Graeme-Baker Pool and Safety Act

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What are the standards for pool fencing?

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4ft high, self closing door, latch 40+ inches from ground

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Most popular sanitizer in pools

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Chlorine

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Stablizer used to protect chlorine from UV degredation

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Cyanuric Acid

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At higher pH, the need for chlorine is

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increased

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Chlorine works by destroying

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lipids in cell walls

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Stored in compressed liquid form, toxic and corrosive and potentially fatal

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CL2 - Chlorine gas

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Liquid solution (NaOCl), common for pools

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Sodium Hypochlorite

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More expensive, better residual sanitizer, but very easily destroyed by UV light

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Bromine

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3000x faster than chlorine, no residual effects, constantly produced on site

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Ozone

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Used in conjunction with chemical treatment, no redidual

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UV light

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Turnover rate for public pool

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6-8 hours

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Turnover rate for private pool

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12 hours

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Turnover rate for wading pool

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1-2hrs

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5 Turnovers will have treated X% of water

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100%

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Turnover rate calculation

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(Pool capacity in gal)/(flow meter*60)

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Pool volume calculation

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Rectangles - Length*width*depth Round- piR^2*avgdepth*7.5

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Used in large old pools, max 3 gpm/sqft

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Rapid sand filter

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12-20 gpm/sqft, used finer grains than rapid

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High rate sand filter

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Backwashing is done until

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wastewater is clear

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media filter comprized of diatoms, have higher surface area than sand

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DE Filter

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low pH values have a high concentration of

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Hydrogen ions

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Incorecct pH causes

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irritation to eyes, corrosion to systems

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pool pH above 8.0 causes

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scaling in pools, and reduces chlorine effectiveness

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pH is increased by

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Sodium Carbonate (soda ash)

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pH is reduced by

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sodium bisulphate or HCL

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High alkalinity causes

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scaling

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Low alkalinity causes

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corrosion

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What can be done if Total Dissolved solids is too high?

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Dilution only

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What is the ideal Saturation Index (SI)

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+/-0.5

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What does a positive (SI) indicate?

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Scaling

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What does a negative (SI) indicate?

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Corrosion

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Algae can be prevented by

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continuous chlorination and circulation

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Existing Algae is removed by

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Superchlorination, and additon of Copper Sulfate

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Is combined chlorine is greater than .2mg/l the pool requires

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Superchlorination

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where the amine is removed from the chloramine

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breakpoint

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Filter and backwash must be cleaned before

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superchlorinating

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After a fecal incident in a pool Cl must be raised to X, with Y contact time.

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2ppm, 30 min

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After a diarrheal incident in a pool Cl must be raised to X, and must have X of contact time

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20ppm, 12.75 hours

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After blood incident pool does not need to be closed if CL is

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1.0 ppm or more

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the first step to opening a beach, new or with changes

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sanitary survey

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Fecal coliform at a beach cannot exceed

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5 samples over 30 days

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Beach samples must be collected every

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300ft in 2 ft of water

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The largest area of contamination in a pool is at the

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surface

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Gutters and skimmers should recieve X% of the total pool water

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60%

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handwashing sinks at mass gatherings require a ratio of

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1 sink/100 people

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Toilets at mass gatherings require a ratio of

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1 fixture/100 people

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A vehicle built on a chassis and having a body of not more than 8-feet wide and 32-feet long designed for travel, recreation, and vacation use is

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a travel trailer

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A pH between _____ and _____ is optimal PH control for eye irritation, but is not optimal for chlorine effectiveness.

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7.6-7.6

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Free residual chlorine in a pool should be

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1.0 to 3.0 mg/L

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One study of basic sanitation and migrant farm workers found that migrants who did not have access to water and sanitation facilities in the field had a clinic utilization rate for diarrhea

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20 times that of urban poor

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The backwash rate for both conventional, rapid and high rate sand filters is

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15 gpm/ft2

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Pool inlets should be located a minimum of 10 inches to 15 inches below the water line to

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prevent loss of disinfectant