X_Exam1 Mfm2_47

Front 1

autoimmunity is the misdirection of the adaptive immune response towards ... and .. of the body caused by ... of the mechanisms that maintain self-tolerance

Back 1

healthy cells
tissues
failures

Front 2

there are how many known autoimmune disease:

Back 2

80

Front 3

Common Characteristics of Autoimmune Diseases:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Back 3

1. vary widely in tissues they attack and the symptoms they cause
2. more common in women
3. involve both genetic and environmental factors
4. may be local or systemic

Front 4

Autoimmunity Involves Self-Reactive ... or ...

Back 4

T Cells
Autoantibodies

Front 5

Autoimmune responses always involve ... in some regard

Back 5

activated T cells

Front 6

self-reactive helper T cells activate ... to make ..., which directly lead to tissue damage

Back 6

B cells
autoantibodies

Front 7

what does the following describe:

During development of the immune system and development of an individual immune response, various protective mechanisms prevent attack of healthy cells

Back 7

self-tolerance

Front 8

Thymic selection: negative selection removes ... that respond to self-peptides presented by ... molecules of thymic cells

Back 8

T cells
MHC

Front 9

1. rare defect in AIRE causes autoimmune disorder called ...

2. AIRE (autoimmune regulator)
is a transcription factor that is involved in:

Back 9

1. APECED (autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy)
2. negative selection in T cells

Front 10

what are the categorizations of autoimmune diseases and what is the mode of action:
1.
2.
3.

Back 10

1. type II hypersensitivity - Autoantibodies to Cell-Surface Molecules
2. type III hypersensitivity - Immune Complex Disease
3. type IV hypersensitivity - T Cell-Mediated

Front 11

There are no autoimmune disorders corresponding to type ...

Back 11

I hypersensitivity (IgE-mediated)

Front 12

for the following Type II Autoimmunity diseases, identify the autoantigen:
1. autoimmune hemolytic anemia
2. autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura
3. goodpasture's syndrome
4. pemphigus vulgaris

Back 12

1. autoimmune hemolytic anemia - Rh blood group
2. autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura - platelet integrin
3. goodpasture's syndrome - non-collagenous domain of basement membrane collagen tpe IV
4. pemphigus vulgaris - epidermal cadherin

Front 13

for the following Type II Autoimmunity diseases, identify the autoantigen:
1. acute rheumatic fever
2. graves' disease
3. myasthenia gravis
4. insulin-resistant diabetes
5. hypoglycemia

Back 13

1. acute rheumatic fever - antibodies against strep cell wall antigens cross react with cardiac muscle
2. graves' disease - thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor
3. myasthenia gravis - ACH recptor
4. insulin-resistant diabetes - insulin receptor (antagonist)
5. hypoglycemia - insulin receptor (agonist)

Front 14

Regulatory CD4 T cells constitute 1-3% of the CD4 T cell population and express the glycoprotein ... Their suppressive effects require contact between the ... and the ... on the surface of an ...

Back 14

CD25
autoreactive T cell
regulatory T cell
APC

Front 15

what type of cells suppress autoreactive T cells, and what CD marker do they specifically carry:

Back 15

Regulatory CD4 T cells
CD25

Front 16

If a B cell receptor binds an ... in the germinal center of a lymphoid organ, the B cell will undergo apoptosis and never reach the circulation

Back 16

autoantigen

Front 17

Anergy involves a decrease in ... expression at the cell surface and ...

Back 17

IgM
partial inhibition of signal transduction

Front 18

Binding of ... ligand on a CD4 T cell to the ... receptor on an autoreactive anergic B cell, induces ... in the cell expressing the ... receptor (the B cell).

Back 18

Fas (Fas-L)
Fas
apoptosis
Fas

Front 19

what happens in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia:

Back 19

IgG and IgM antibodies bind to Rh antigens on erythrocyte cell surfaces, where they activate complement and trigger the destruction of RBCs within the spleen and the circulation

Front 20

Antibodies act as ... when they stimulate a receptor upon binding it, and as ... when they block a receptor’s function on binding it

Back 20

agonists
antagonists

Front 21

The thyroid gland regulates ... of the body through secretion of two related hormones known as ... and ... ... is released by the pituitary gland and stimulates release of thyroid hormones from thyroid follicular cells. what happens in Grave’s disease:

Back 21

basal metabolic rate
T3
T4
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

anti-TSH antibodies stimulate the TSH receptor, resulting in unregulated release of thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism).

Front 22

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (aka chronic thyroiditis) involves:

Back 22

CD4 TH1 cell response and both antibodies and effector T cells specific for thyroid antigens

Front 23

Addison’s disease involves:

Back 23

destruction of the adrenal cortex with resulting loss of corticosteroid secretion

Front 24

Why are Endocrine Glands Vulnerable:
1.
2.
3.

Back 24

1. contain proteins not expressed in other cells or tissues
2. well vascularized
3. loss of endocrine function has pronounced systemic effects

Front 25

Type III autoimmunity involves formation of Ig... antibodies against common ...

IgG forms ... with these autoantigens when they are released from damaged cells which are deposited within capillaries, causing ....

these diseases generally cause ... and ...

Back 25

G
intracellullar macromolecules
soluble complexes
inflammation
glomerulonephritis
vasculitis

Front 26

what are the 3 main points about SLE discussed in class:
1.
2.
3.

Back 26

1. auto-IgG antibodies directed at autoantigens present in almost every cell of the body
2. extensive chronic inflammatory reactions, tissue destruction, immune complex deposition in blood vessels, kidneys, joints, other tissues
3. variable progression and organ involvement, flares and remissions

Front 27

... are present in the serum in virtually all patients with active SLE, and antibodies to ... are relatively specific for the diagnosis of SLE.

Back 27

Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs)
native double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)

Front 28

what are the symptoms of SLE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Back 28

1. skin rashes and lesions (characteristic butterfly-shaped facial skin rash)
2. arthritic pain
3. fever
4. vasculitis
5. fatigue
5. organ failure

Front 29

Type IV autoimmunity is mediated by ... that directly attack and ... normal “self”-tissue

Back 29

CTLs
destroy

Front 30

what is the autoantigen for the followng type IV diseases:
1. insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
2. rheumatoid arthritis
3. multiple sclerosis
4. celiac disease

Back 30

1. insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus - pancreatic beta cell
2. rheumatoid arthritis - synovial joint
3. multiple sclerosis - myelin basic protein, proteolipid protein
4. celiac disease - gluten modified by tissue transglutaminase

Front 31

rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by presence of ... called ..., ..., and ...

Back 31

anti-IgG antibodies
rheumatoid factor
reactive T cells
immune complexes

Front 32

what are the 2 autoimmune diseases of the nervous system discussed in class and what type are they:
1.
2.

Back 32

1. multiple sclerosis - tye IV
2. myasthenia gravis - type II

Front 33

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune response against ... and is mediated by ... and ...

Back 33

myelin
TH1 CD4 T cells
IFN-γ

Front 34

symptoms of MS include
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Back 34

1. Visual disturbances
2. Muscle weakness
3. Trouble with coordination and balance
4. Numbness, prickling, or "pins and needles" sensations
5. Thinking and memory problems

Front 35

in Myasthenia gravis, the body produces autoantibodies to ... which impairs signaling from ... to ...

Back 35

acetylcholine receptors
nerve
muscle

Front 36

Myasthenia gravis often affects muscles of ...

Back 36

the head

Front 37

The main sets of genes that are suspected in many autoimmune diseases include ..., ..., and ...

Back 37

immunoglobulins
TCRs
MHC

Front 38

Remember that genetically predisposed individuals do not always develop autoimmune diseases. As with a number of other disease, ... also plays a big role.

Back 38

environment

Front 39

what are some environmental causes of autoimmune disease and what disease do they cause:
1.
2.
3.

Back 39

1. infection (rheumatic fever)
2. physical trauma (sympathetic ophthalmia)
3. drug-induced (SLE)

Front 40

Certain ... allotypes are associated with increased risk of developing specific autoimmune diseases

Back 40

HLA

Front 41

... alleles carries 25-fold increased risk of developing diabetes while ... allele protective

Back 41

HLA-DQβ linked to HLA-DR3 and -DR4
HLA-DR2

Front 42

what is a model for autoimmunity associated with certain HLA alleles:

Back 42

certain HLA alleles less efficient at presenting self-peptides to developing T cells in the thymus (i.e. negative selection fails)

Front 43

Antigens in immunologically privileged sites can sometimes be targeted by the immune system. In ..., damage to one eye can on rare occasions result in an autoimmune response to eye proteins that can damage the uninjured eye.

Back 43

sympathetic opthalmia

Front 44

what tissues in the body have immunologically privileged sites:
1.
2.
3.
4.
what is the fetus considered:

Back 44

1. brain
2. testis
3. eye
4. uterus
allograft

Front 45

what is an allograft:

Back 45

transplanted foreign tissue

Front 46

Infections may trigger autoimmune responses by:
1.
2.
3.

Back 46

1. bystander activation
2. molecular mimicry
3. inflammation

Front 47

what does the following describe:

pathogen antigen induces a response cross-reacting with self

Back 47

autoimmunity through molecular mimicry

Front 48

what is the classic example of molecular mimicry:

Back 48

rheumatic fever following infection with Streptococcus pyogenes

Front 49

where are autoimmune diseases most and least common:
1. most common
2. least common

Back 49

1. developed countries
2. underdeveloped countries

Front 50

what may reduce the risk of autoimmune disease in underdeveloped countries:

Back 50

parasitic infections

Front 51

how are autoimmune T cells activated by infection:
1.
2.

Back 51

circulating anergized or suppressed autoreactive T cells become re-activated in the presence of inflammatory cytokines
2. activated T cells cross-react with self-peptides (molecular mimicry)

Front 52

How are Autoimmune Diseases Treated:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Back 52

1. suppress immune function with corticosteroids
2. inhibit T cell proliferation with cyclosporine
3. kill T cells with cyclophosphamide
4. block pro-inflammatory or co-stimulatory molecules with binding proteins or antibodies
5. decrease circulating levels of antibodies or immune complexes with plasmapheresis
6. induce tolerance by high-doses of altered forms of self-antigen like myelin basic protein