X_Exam1 Mfm2_20

Front 1

... antibiotic usage can reduce the level of bacteria in our gastrointestinal tract. This opens up niches for other strains and species of bacteria. One bacterium that can grow under these conditions is .... This organism can cause a very serious ... and can be very difficult to eradicate.

Back 1

broad spectrum
Clostridium difficile
diarrhea

Front 2

Giving a person a broad-spectrum antibiotic can also make it easier for the yeast ... to grow which is part of the normal flora of most people. When antibiotics are given, the yeast has an opportunity to overgrow and often results in ... and ... infections.

Back 2

Candida albicans
oral
vaginal

Front 3

When a person is exposed to an organism, there are three possible outcomes:
1.
2.
3.

Back 3

1. transient colonization
2. permanent colonization
3. disease

Front 4

identify each of these outcomes:

1. bacteria can specifically attach to the host cell surface and cause disease

2. the cells do not form a permanent colony on the host surface

3. bacterium settles on either the skin or a mucosal membrane and attaches to the cell surface by a specific receptor and reproduces forming a colony

Back 4

1. disease
2. transient colonization
3. permanent colonization

Front 5

Most infections are caused by ... pathogens rather than ... pathogens

Back 5

opportunistic
strict

Front 6

what are the 4 strict pathogens discussed in class and what do they cause:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Back 6

1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis -Tuberculosis
2. Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Gonorrhea
3. Vibrio cholerae - Cholera
4. Yersinia pestis - Bubonic plague

Front 7

Nosocomial infections are those acquired by individuals in a ...

Back 7

hospital

Front 8

A zoonotic pathogen is one whose primary host is ..., but that can cause disease in ... The disease is called a ...

Back 8

an animal
people
zoonosis

Front 9

identify the organism with the below listed diseases:
1. Anthrax
2. Campylobacter infection
3. Leptospirosis
4. Lyme disease

Back 9

1. Bacillus anthracis
2. Campylobacter jejuni
3. Leptospira species
4. Borrelia burgdorferi

Front 10

identify the organism for the below listed disease:
1. Murine typhus
2. Pasteurellosis
3. Plague
4. Yersinia infections

Back 10

1. Rickettsia typhi
2. Pasteurella multocida
3. Yersinia pestis
4. Yersinia enterocolitica

Front 11

identify the organism for the below listed disease:
1. Rickettsial pox
2. Rocky Mountain spotted fever
3. Salmonellosis
4. Tularemia

Back 11

1. Rickettsia akari
2. Rickettsia rickettsii
3. Salmonella
4. Francisella tularensis

Front 12

what is a virulence factor:

Back 12

any bacterial structure or molecule that causes or enhances the ability of an organism to cause disease

Front 13

Virulence factors (are/are not) normally essential for the growth and survival of the organism

Back 13

are not

Front 14

what are the classes of virulence factors:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Back 14

1. colonization and invasion factors
2. factors which help evade the host's immune system
3. factors which help spread the infection
4. toxins

Front 15

Many host surfaces have mechanisms to wash away foreign objects, and in order for bacteria to colonize these surfaces, they must have ..., and example of this would be ...

Back 15

an adherence mechanism
pili (fimbriae)

Front 16

what surface structures can promote bacterial adherence to host cells:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Back 16

1. s-layers
2. flagella
3. lipoteichoic acids
4. capsules

Front 17

In ..., the cells secrete polysaccharides which serve to hold the cells to each other and to the ...

Back 17

biofilms
host cell surface

Front 18

Bacteria need a source of ... in order to grow and cause disease

Back 18

iron

Front 19

most iron in the human body is bound to molecules such as ..., ... and ... and is unavailable to bacteria

Back 19

hemin
lactoferrin
transferrin

Front 20

what are the 3 basic mechanisms by which bacteria obtain iron from the host:
1.
2.
3.

Back 20

1. bacteria produce iron-binding proteins called siderophores
2. Some bacteria have receptors on their surface which can bind lactoferrin and transferrin and remove the iron from these compounds
3. Some bacteria bind heme or heme-containing proteins and remove the iron from them