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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how does antibiotic resistance spread via transformation:
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antibiotic resistant cell strains die and lyse, their DNA is released into the environment and naturally competent bacterial species can pick up this DNA and integrate it into their chromosome
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how does antibiotic resistance spread via transposons:
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The transposon could then transpose to a phage or conjugative plasmid
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If the resistance gene ends up on a phage, it will spread to other species by ... If the gene is picked up by a conjugative plasmid, it can spread to other species and genera by ...
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transduction
conjugation |
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If the resistance gene is picked up by a conjugative transposon, it can spread to other species and genera by ...
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conjugation
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The skin and mucosal surfaces of a normal, healthy person is covered with bacteria, these bacteria are called ... or ...
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“normal flora”
“commensal flora” |
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the commensal organisms most commonly found on the skin are:
1. 2. 3. |
1. Corynebacterium (including Corynebacterium diphtheriae)
2. Propionibacterium (including Propionibacterium acnes) 3. Staphylococcus |
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Most bacteria found on the skin are ... because ... organisms do not survive well in the dry environment of the skin
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Gram-positive
Gram-negative |
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae can be spread to another person via direct contact or contact with respiratory droplets from a person recovered from diphtheria that may be ...
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colonized with toxin-producing bacteria
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symptoms of diphtheria are caused by a toxin and that toxin is carried on a phage. The phage can transfer via ... from one strain to another. Many people are colonized with ... Corynebacterium diphtheriae, but if they come into contact with a person harboring a ... strain, the phage can transfer from the ... strain to the ... strain, and the second person is now colonized with a ... strain of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and can become ill.
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transduction
non-toxigenic toxigenic toxigenic non-toxigenic toxigenic |
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... causes acne and a couple of years before puberty, the numbers can increase ...-fold
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Propionibacterium acnes
100,000 |
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Staphylococcus aureus more or less permanently colonizes in the anterior nares of ... of the population while it transiently colonizes another ... of the population and . Some people carry such high levels of Staphylococcus aureus that they cannot work in ...
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30%
20% microbiology labs |
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what percent of organisms found in the mouth and upper respiratory tract are anaerobes:
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90 to 99%
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Common anaerobic bacteria found in the mouth and upper respiratory tract are:
1. 2. 3. 4. |
1. Actinomyces
2. Fusobacterium 3. Peptostreptococcus 4. Streptococcus |
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Common aerobic bacteria found in the mouth and upper respiratory tract are:
1. 2. |
1. Haemophilus
2. Neisseria |
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what are the common commensal organisms of the lower respiratory tract:
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the respiratory tract is generally sterile
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The lower respiratory tract is generally sterile. however, ... colonization can occur as a result of aspiration of gastric fluids
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transient
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... is the most commonly found organism in the eye and ear
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Staphylococcus
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what are the common commensal organisms of the esophagus:
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none
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what are the common commensal organisms of the stomach:
1. 2. 3. |
1. Helicobacter pylori
2. Lactobacillus 3. Streptococcus |
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what are the common commensal organisms of the intestines:
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1. Bacteroides (obligate anaerobe)
2. Bifidobacterium (facultative anaerobe) 3. Escherichia coli (facultative anaerobe) 4. Eubacterium (facultative anaerobe) |
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are the commensal organisms in the intestines anaerobes or aerobes:
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anaerobes
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what are the common commensal organisms of the posterior urethra:
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normally sterile
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what are the common commensal organisms of the anterior urethra:
1. 2. 3. 4. |
1. Escherichia coli
2. Lactobacillus 3. Staphylococcus 4. Streptococcus |
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what are the common commensal organisms in the vagina before and after puberty:
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before: various organisms
after: Lactobacillus (almost exclusively) |
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Increased ... after puberty allows the growth of Lactobacillus which ferments the ... to ..., which lowers the pH of the vagina
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glycogen
glycogen lactic acid |
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what are the 2 benefits provided to the host by normal flora:
1. 2. |
1. vitamin K
2. make it more difficult for other bacteria to colonize the host |
