X_Cardiology_Hour1 Exam1 Dcom Oms2

Front 1

The intricate structure of the heart develops during the fist ___ of life

Back 1

eight weeks

Front 2

From what type of tissue does the heart develop:

Back 2

mesoderm

Front 3

When does the heart begin to beat:

Back 3

on the 22nd day

Front 4

Where does the heart start forming:

Back 4

rostral to the oral plate, adjacent to the septum transversum

Front 5

what happens on day 18 in the development of the heart:

Back 5

small islands of blood and endothelial tissue begin to differentiate out of the mesoderm

Front 6

When does blood and endothelial tissue begin to differentiate out of the mesoderm:

Back 6

day 18

Front 7

blood islands unite to form ___ shaped tube when during embryonic development: (what day)

Back 7

horseshoe
days 18-19

Front 8

what happens in the embryo heart in days 21-22: (x2)

Back 8

Venous end receives blood from yolk sac
(body’s first functional veins)

Arteries begin to pump to the head, via early aortic arches

Front 9

identify the structures:

Back 9

(see figure)

Front 10

As the heart grows why does it bend into an ‘S’ shape:

Back 10

the heart grows at a faster rate than the pericardial cavity

Front 11

The heart grows at a faster rate than the pericardial cavity, what is the result:

Back 11

it bends into an ‘S’ shape

Front 12

what is the name of the bulge in the 'S' shaped heart:

Back 12

bulboventricular loop

Front 13

identify the labeled structures:
embryonic heart age:

Back 13

(see figure)
6th week

Front 14

identify the labeled structures:
age of the embryonic heart:

Back 14

(see figure)
8-9 weeks

Front 15

As the heart develops, systemic veins move to drain into the ___ side of heart, systemic arteries move to arise from the ___ side of heart

Back 15

right
left

Front 16

how do the developing embryonic atria fuse and expand:

Back 16

by incorporating veins into atrial walls

Front 17

The rough-walled part of the atrium comes from ___ while the smooth-walled (sinus venarum) part comes from ___

Back 17

embryonic atrium
venous origin

Front 18

the __ develops in the center of the single atrial and ventricular cavity from ant. to post.

Back 18

endocardial cushion

Front 19

the ___ initially separates the 2 atria but there is open communication via the ___

Back 19

septum primum
foramen primum

Front 20

during embryonic development, the ___ separates the 2 ventricles and the ___ is the opening between them

Back 20

interventricular septum
interventricular foramen

Front 21

As foramen primum shrinks, a second foramen connecting the two atria forms called ___ and a second septum froms called the ___

Back 21

foramen secondum
septum secondum

Front 22

what happens in the final separation of the atria and ventricles: (x3)
(what's closed/open)

Back 22

1. atria leave an opening called the foramen ovale

2. interventricular septum closes

3. truncus arteriosus closes

Front 23

what is the function of the foramen ovale:

Back 23

for blood to go from the IVC to the L. atrium

Front 24

when the interventricular septum closes the membranous part arise from what:

Back 24

endocardial cushion

Front 25

the truncus arteriosus closes with a ___, separating the ___ from the ___

Back 25

spiral septum
aorta
pulmonary trunk

Front 26

in the fetus, SVC carries (high/low) oxygen blood from where:

IVC carries (high/low) oxygen blood from where:

Back 26

low
head and upper limb

high
umbilical vein

Front 27

how is blood routed through the right atrium from SCV:

IVC:

Back 27

SVC blood goes directly through right atrium to right ventricle

IVC blood goes through foramen ovale to left atrium, and hence to left ventricle

Front 28

the two Aorta and Pulmonary trunk separate out from a common truncus by means of a ___

Back 28

spiral septum

Front 29

the right ventricle is anterior, while the pulmonary trunk has to arise from the ___ of the aortic sac

Back 29

posterior part

Front 30

the left ventricle is posterior, while its Aorta has to arise from the ___ of the aortic sac

Back 30

anterior part

Front 31

The final result of the spiral septum is what:

Back 31

aorta and pulmonary trunk that twist around each other

Front 32

what are the great vessels:

from where do they arise:

Back 32

aorta and pulmonary trunk

aortic arches

Front 33

what are the aortic arches that develop in the human embryo:

arches ___ involute early, and leave no major remnant

Back 33

1,2,3,4,and 6

1 and 2

Front 34

what is the function of the umbilical artery:

what is the function of the vitelline artery:

Back 34

supply deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

an artery carrying blood to the yolk sac from the embryo

Front 35

___ that is high in O2 brings blood back from the maternal circulation and continues up to the liver as the ___ where it meets up with the ___ that is low in O2

Back 35

umbilical vein
ductus venosus
portal vein

Front 36

the ___ is brining some low O2 content blood from the GI tract up to the liver where it mixes with the high O2 blood from the ___ to form the ___

Back 36

portal vein
ductus venosus
inferior vena cava

Front 37

the ___ is brining fairly high O2 content blood to the right atrium, where the majority of the blood with squirt through the ___ into the ___

Back 37

inferior vena cava
foramen ovale
left atrium

Front 38

from the left atrium, the blood will go to the ___ and out the ___ and to the rest of the body from there

Back 38

left ventricle
aorta

Front 39

the ___ brings low O2 blood from the body and brings it in to the ___ where it then goes to the ___ and then out the ___

Back 39

superior vena cava
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary trunk

Front 40

the lungs aren't working yet so the blood from the ___ goes through the ___ and mixes with the aortic blood where it feeds all the tissues of the body and then leaves the body through the ___

Back 40

pulmonary trunk
ductus arteriosus
umbilical arteries

Front 41

what causes the foramen ovale to close: (4 steps)

Back 41

1. stopping of umbilical circulation
2. (↓)IVC blood flow causing (↓)right atrial pressure
3. blood flows to expanding lungs through pulmonary circulation
4. (↑)blood flow to left ventricle

Front 42

___ and other factors cause smooth muscle in ductus arteriosus and ductus venosus to contract, sealing off these ducts

Back 42

oxygen tension

Front 43

atrial septal defects occur in the ___ and allow what:

Back 43

interatrial wall
mixing of blood between left and right atria

Front 44

what is a probe-patent foramen ovale:

Back 44

minor atrial septal defect

Front 45

what is a high atrial septal defect:

Back 45

hole up near the SVC, connecting the two atria

Front 46

a typical atrial septum defect is caused by either 1 of 2 things:

Back 46

1. too large of a foramen secundum
2. too large a fossa (foramen) ovalis

Front 47

what is the cause of a septum primum defect:

what is the result of this defect:

Back 47

failure of septum primum to completely fuse with endocardial cushion

a variably sized hole connecting the two atria

Front 48

This septum defect is frequently found in patients with Down’s syndrome:

Back 48

septum primum defect

Front 49

what is the cause of the membranous ventricular septal defect:

Back 49

failure of fusion of the interventricular septum with the endocardial cushion

Front 50

(atrial/ventricular) septum defects are the most common:

Back 50

ventricular

Front 51

(membranous/muscular) septal defects are less common:

Back 51

muscular

Front 52

what are truncus defects caused by:

Back 52

failure of the spiral septum of the truncus arteriosus

Front 53

what are the affected structures in truncus defects: (x3)

Back 53

ascending aorta
pulmonary trunk
semilunar valves

Front 54

what is the cause of persistent truncus arteriousus:

what is the result in the newborn:

Back 54

failure for truncus to separate at all

no separation of blood flows
no aortic or pulmonary valves

Front 55

what is occurring in the defect transposition of great vessels: (x3)

why does this occur:

Back 55

right ventricle pumps to aorta
left ventricle pumps to pulmonary trunk
no transfer of oxygen to systemic circulation

spiral septum is straight and not spiral

Front 56

what is occurring in unequal division:

what does this usually involve so that a baby could survive:

Back 56

one vessel has a large opening, the other is small (aorta/pulmonary trunk)

a VSD so rest of right ventricular blood can get into aorta

Front 57

what is occurring in tetralogy of fallot:

Back 57

1. pulmonary stenosis
2. VSD (ventricular septal defect)
3. Over-riding aorta (aorta sits right over the interventricular septum, collecting blood from both ventricles)
4. hypertrophy of right ventricle

Front 58

what is ectopia cordis:

Back 58

failure of sternum to fuse, producing a heart outside of the thoracic cavity

Front 59

what is dextrocardia:

when is this not a big problem:

Back 59

reverse rotation

situs inversus

Front 60

what is persistent ductus arteriosus:

Back 60

pulmonary by-pass to continues functioning

Front 61

what is occurring in ductus arteriosus: (think pressure)

Back 61

Flow reverses, so blood going from high pressure to low → goes from aorta to pulmonary trunk (with resulting pulmonary hypertension).

Front 62

what is coarctation of the aorta:

what are the 2 forms:

Back 62

inexplicable narrowing of the aorta near the ductus arteriosus

preductal forms and postductal forms

Front 63

what is occurring in coarctation of the aorta: (blood pressure)

Back 63

blood pressure to upper extremities is increased
blood pressure to lower extremities is minimal.

Front 64

how do you detect coarctation of the aorta:

Back 64

compare brachial pulse to femoral pulse in newborn

Front 65

in coarctation of the aorta:

in which form does ductus arteriosus act to supply low-oxygen blood to lower extremities

Back 65

preductal form

Front 66

in coarctation of the aorta:

in which form does blood from aorta use ductus arteriosus as pressure relief valve:

Back 66

postductal forms

Front 67

what happens if blood from the aorta uses ductus arteriosus as a pressure valve:

Back 67

pulmonary hypertension