X Mfm Exam2 Fatty Acid Synthesis Dcom

Front 1

fatty acids are synthesized mainly in the ... but can also be synthesized and ... tissue or ... tissue

Back 1

liver
adipose
mammary

Front 2

dietary ... serves as the major source of ...

Back 2

glucose
carbon

Front 3

glucose must first be converted to ... which provides the 2-carbon units that condense to form a fatty acid chain

Back 3

acetyl CoA

Front 4

a. pyruvate dehydrogenase
b. acetyl CoA
c. citrate
d. citrate
e. citrate lyase
f. acetyl CoA

Back 4

identify the following:
a. (enzyme)
b. (product)
c. (product)
d. (product)
e. (enzyme)
f. (product)

Front 5

... cannot cross mitochondrial membrane and must be converted into ... first

Back 5

citrate

Front 6

... continuously synthesized and transported out of mitochondria into cytosol through ... regulation

Back 6

citrate
reciprocal

Front 7

citrate is formed by the condensation of ... and ... this condensation reduces the levels of ... in the mitochondria, thus driving pyruvate dehydrogenase to make more ...

Back 7

acetyl-CoA
OAA
acetyl-CoA
acetyl-CoA

Front 8

describe the recycling of oxaloacetate after citrate is cleaved into acetyl-CoA and OAA:

Back 8

OAA is converted into malate and then finally back to pyruvate

Front 9

NADPH is required for fatty acid synthesis and is generated through 2 pathways:
1.
2.

Back 9

pentose phosphate pathway
by malic enzyme during the recycling of OAA

Front 10

insulin activates ... which drives mitochondrial formation of acetyl CoA

Back 10

pyruvate dehydrogenase

Front 11

insulin induces synthesis of ... and ... both increase NADPH levels

Back 11

malic enzyme
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Front 12

insulin induces ... which increases cytosolic levels of acetyl CoA and recycles oxaloacetate

Back 12

citrate lyase

Front 13

cytosolic acetyl CoA converted to ... which serves as the immediate donor of 2-carbon units that are added to the growing fatty acid chain

Back 13

malonyl CoA

Front 14

conversion of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA requires:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Back 14

acetyl CoA carboxylase
biotin
CO2
ATP

Front 15

the conversion of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA is heavily ... and is a rate ... step

Back 15

regulated
limiting

Front 16

... sequentially adds 2-carbon units from malonyl CoA to the growing fatty acyl chain to form ... (C16:0)

Back 16

fatty acid synthase
palmitate

Front 17

fatty acid synthase complex involves ... derived from the vitamin ... and ...

Back 17

phospho-pantetheine
pantothenic acid
an acyl carrier protein (ACP)

Front 18

fatty acid synthase is a single enzyme consisting of a ... of 2 large polypeptide chains containing several functional domains

Back 18

homodimer

Front 19

acetyl and malonyl attach to the ACP phosphopantetheinyl sulfhydral group, then condense to form a 4 carbon ... chain.

Back 19

alpha-keto acyl

Front 20

in the fatty acid synthase reaction, ... provided the reducing equivalents to drive this elongation of the original acetyl group by 2 carbons.

Back 20

NADPH

Front 21

in the fatty acid synthase reaction after reduction, in each subsequent round of elongation, a new ... group attaches to the FAS complex and condenses with the newly forming fatty acid chain.

Back 21

malonyl

Front 22

the elongation of fatty acid chain occurs via 4 recurring reactions:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Back 22

1. condensation
2. reduction
3. dehydration
4. reduction

Front 23

the end product of the fatty acid synthase (FAS) complex is ...

Back 23

palmitate (C16:0)

Front 24

palmitate is activated forming ...

Back 24

palmityl CoA

Front 25

palmityl CoA is then used, along with ... and ... to form longer chain fatty acids within the ...

Back 25

malonyl CoA
NADPH
endoplasmic reticulum

Front 26

desaturation of fatty acids most commonly involves the placement of a double bond between carbons ... and ... and requires:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Back 26

9
10
1. O2
2. NADH
3. cytochrome b5
4. desaturase enzyme

Front 27

there are three main families of unsaturated fatty acids:
1.
2.
3.

Back 27

omega 3
omega 6
omega 9

Front 28

omega fatty acids are named by the double bonds are in association with the ... end

Back 28

methyl

Front 29

... is an omega-6 essential fatty acid

Back 29

linoleic acid

Front 30

... is an omega-3 essential fatty acid

Back 30

alpha-linolenic acid

Front 31

these fatty acids are essential because mammals lack the ability to introduce double bonds in fatty acids beyond carbon ... and ... because they lack the ... enzyme

Back 31

9
10
desaturase

Front 32

essential fatty acids are converted into ... and other ...

Back 32

prostaglandins
eicosanoids

Front 33

the omega-6 fatty acids ... and ... are precursors for prostaglandins and other eicosanoids and are essential for ...

Back 33

linoleic acid
arachidonic acid
development brain, eyes, dermal support, renal function and parturition

Front 34

omega-6 fatty acids from from ... oils

Back 34

plant

Front 35

omega-6 fatty acids are (pro/anti) -inflammatory agents and omega-3 fatty acids are (pro/anti) -inflammatory agents

Back 35

pro
anti

Front 36

identify some sources for omega-3 fatty acids:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Back 36

Cold water fish (like salmon)
Flaxseed
Eggs
Walnuts
Grass-fed animals

Front 37

name 3 omega-3 fatty acids:
1.
2.
3.

Back 37

alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3)
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5)
docosahexanoic acid (DHA, 22:6)

Front 38

omega 3 fatty acids decrease risk of ... improve ... and learning and raise ...DL and lower ...DL

Back 38

heart disease
memory
H
L

Front 39

symptoms of omega-6 fatty acid deficiency:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Back 39

growth retardation
skin lesions
reproductive failure
fatty liver

Front 40

symptoms of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency:
1.
2.
3.

Back 40

learning deficiencies
impaired visual acuity depression

Front 41

the first step in synthesis of triglycerides is generation of ... from ... via ...

Back 41

glycerol 3-phosphate
glucose
dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

Front 42

step 2 in triglyceride synthesis is ... with ATP and ... forming a fatty acyl CoA

Back 42

fatty acid activation
fatty acyl CoA synthetase

Front 43

step 3 in triglyceride synthesis: ... reacts with fatty acyl CoA forming ... which then dephosphorylates forming ...

Back 43

glycerol 3-phosphate
phosphatidic acid
diacylglycerol (DAG)

Front 44

the 4th step in triglyceride synthesis involves the addition of a third and final fatty acyl CoA, forming a ...

Back 44

triacylglycerol

Front 45

in step 5 in triglyceride synthesis, the triglyceride incorporated into ... particles or stored as adipose

Back 45

VLDL

Front 46

VLDL stands for ...

Back 46

Very Low Density Lipoprotein

Front 47

fatty acids for VLDL synthesis in the liver, are obtained form ... or synthesized from ...

Back 47

blood
glucose

Front 48

the function of the VLDL is to transport ... to ... and ...

Back 48

triglycerides
muscle
adipose