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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Why is oral communication important?
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-express emotions
-asking questions -affect change |
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Why is oral comm. complex?
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-Must understand abstract symbols
-Huge amount of neurons needed -many combos of words/phonemes etc. |
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Why is oral comm. unstable?
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every organ used for oral comm. has a different priority
-overlaid function -Preservation of life = first priority |
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Forms of language
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Phonology, Morphology and Syntax
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Content
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Semantics
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What is function?
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Pragmatics
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What is articulation?
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The adjustments and movemtns of speech structures and vocal tract necessary fo modifying breath stream and prodcuing phonemes for speech
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What percent of Comm. Disorders involve articulation disorders?
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75-85%
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What are functional articulation disorders?
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Unknown origin/cause; no organic cause
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SODA?
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substitutions, omissions, deletions and additions
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Phonetic Articulation Errors?
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Speech= actual motor act of producing phoneme
error of performance; motor skill |
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Phonemic Art. Errors?
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Langu. =linguistically based
Errors of lang. incompetence=i.e. can produce /s/ but doesn't know plural Don't know where sounds should go in speech stream |
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Arti. vs. Pronunciation? Difference?
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Phonological rules/processes account for errors
-simplifications of the sound system Child makes 'rule to drop a sibilant before a plosive skate=kate spoon=poon |
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What is phonological process analysis?
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attempt to describe misarticulation
-provide rule, explanation |
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Why use the term 'Phonological disorder or phon. process error?'
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1> Children must learnphonology of sound system of lang.
2>Child's errors are often not sound/word specific but spread over groups of sounds that are SIMILAR in their phonological features 3>Still, motor production is difficult -voiced sounds -sibilants -plosives -dificulty understanding what sounds go together. |
3 reasons
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In terms of phonological disorders, what two things should we keep in mind?
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-Motor skills development AND phonological sound system acquisition
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Describe all manners, vocing, and places of consonants
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ok
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Cognate pairs?
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Same place and manner but differ in voicing only
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Cognate confusion?
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goat=coat OR coat=goat
sounds are confused interchangeably(vice versa) |
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Homorganics?
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phonemes/consonants produced in in the same place but differ in manner and/or voicing
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examples of homorganics
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/p/ and /b
OR /p/ and /m/ |
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Minimal pairs?
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Words that are alike in sound but differ in one or more phonetic features.
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Examples of minimal pairs?
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pear/bear
cat/sat hit/hip |
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Allophone?
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variation of phoneme
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Free variation
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doesn't matter where the allophone is put; can be put in interchangeably
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Complementary distribution?
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Clark Kent and Superman
allophones don't appear interchangeably in same place in words |
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Why do people produce allophic variations?
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Age/dialect/Sex/Idiolect/physical differences etc.
OR resonance diffs, teeth, crisp or slurred, foreign accents, and fatigue/boredom |
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Do we always produce same allophonic variations?
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No,, differ within speakers too
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Distinctive Features: Who?
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Chomsky, Halle, Jakobsen
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Why is this theory dated?
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Believed that in the + - hierarchy you must acquire certain feautures first before others
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Are features smaller than phonemes?
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Yes
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Give example of distinctive feature analysis for /f/
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f= labio-dental+ sibilant+ voiced-
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Suprasegmentals?
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events superimposed on a segment
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What is definition of suprasegmentals?
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-Prosody=INTONATION(rhythm, pitch, contranstive strees, tone) TEMPO(pause, lengthening, speaking rate)
LOUDNESS (Intensity, medial compression) |
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Dynamics of SPeech Production
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-Phonemes put together will make larger units, -these segs will influence each other,
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What three aspects describe the interaction of segments on each other?
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Co-articulation, adaption, and assimilation
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Co-articulation
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Pertains to specific art. movements
-the influence that sounds exert on each other -two or more speech sounds mingled -sound preceding or following will influence |
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Progressive co-art (another name for it?)
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left-to right
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What is progressive co-art?
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sound influence moves forward
-something articulated affects next sound |
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Example of progressive co-art?
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nature /n/ influences /a/
nasalization |
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Why does progressive co-art happen?
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Inertia of articulators (laziness of system)
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What is regressive co-art?
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right to left. sound not yet produced influences current sound
-anticipatory |
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What is an example of regressive co-art?
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snooze (rounding the /s/ because of the /u/)
sneeze (unrounds the /s/) |
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Why does co-art. happen?
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caused by coding of the system in brain
-economy of effect of articulators |
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What is adaption in context of this class?
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Adult speech process in which sounds and variations of sounds influence each other.
-specific category of co-art. - |
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Example of adaption in words (tongue moving forward)
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keen, kin, can, seek
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Examples of tongue further back?
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coon, cone, con, book
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Assimilation?
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Pertains to specific sound changes
-a feature of segment is adopted by another -a phoneme is changed to become similar to another sound -must be abandoned |
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Is assimilation related to adults or children's speech?
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Kids' speech
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What are marked sounds?
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sounds pertaining to speech as well as language
-THAT are more difficult to acquire in children |
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Unmarked (natural sounds)
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easy to acquire regardless of the language.
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Does the markedness theory have a hierarchy of sound acquisition?
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Yes, sounds are acquired before other sounds. i.e. unmarked before marked sounds.
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How do features play into markedness theory?
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marked sounds have more features. The more features, the more difficult to say and hear a sound.
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Models of phonological development?
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Blah blah
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What methods were used for finding out about infant perception of sounds?
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High amplitude sucking, Head turn, heart rate increase (fetal)
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What was found regarding infant perception?
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-can perceive vowel diff.s
-diff betwen liquids and laterals -diffs in place of articulation -sensitive to stress can discrim. some fricatives (diffs) |
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Prereqs of production (think infants)
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-control phonation or voice
-control variations of pitch:low and high -control of volume -control resonance |
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First word?
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9-18 months
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What are pre-linguistic vocalizations?
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babbling etc. (before first word)
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Phonation Stage?
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0-1 months
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Coo and Goo Stage?
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2-3 months
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Exploration/Expansion stage?
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CV VC Raspberries, squealing growling, pitch changes 4-6 months
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Reduplicated babbling stage?
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Needed to develop speech
CVCV 7-10 months |
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Jargon stage?
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prosody is practiced with nonsense words 11-14 months
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When do vowels increasingly occur (frequency) ?
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First 14 months
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when do consonants increasingly occur?
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As child matures (till 4.5 or 5)
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Frequency of different sounds types in adult speech (top five)
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-Stops
-Fricatives -Nasals -Glides, laterals and semi-vowels |
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Acquision of vowels (age)?
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3 years
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3 Research methods?
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-Cross-sectional
-Longitudinal -Combination |
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Is okay to use 2 and under kids for research?
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No, a lot happens before 2
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Stimulus?
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pictures of objects for sounds in all positions (initial, medial, and final)
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Responses to stimulii (two)
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-spontaneous
-modeling |
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Definition of mastery (according to Sander and Prather)
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51% of kids at a given level will producte sound correctly in at least two of the 3 postitions
-known as age of customary production |
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Sander prather chart: What are sounds customarily prodcued by 3?
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n,m,p,h,w
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Sander prather chart: What are sounds customarily produced at median age of 3 and usually mastered by 4?
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b,k,g,d,t,ng,f,j
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f, and j are mastered starting at ?
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30 months
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What sounds are mastered starting at 3 and up until 4?
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s,l,r
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What sounds are mastered starting at 42 months?
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sh, ch, z
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What sounds are mastered at 48 months?
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dj, v, theta, thorn
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When is beige's ge mastered?
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44 months to 48
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When one speaks of a child not developing a certain phoneme, is there a strict cutoff for the mastery of sounds?
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No, sounds are mastered in wide ranges (see sander-prather)
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What are problems with tests for articulation?
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-sound must be said only once under pressure
-vocab probs (kid doesn't know word) -how were samples obtained for ranges of mastery? |
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Sound classes cut offs; what is early, what is late?
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3+ = late
3- = early |
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Nasals, late or early?
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early: m,n, ng in that order
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Stops, late or early?
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occur early: p,b then no particular order
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Do substitutions occur often within same class? What class?
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Yes, stops. i.e. /k/ or /g/ substitutions (interchangeably)
Also subs of place or voicing. |
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Frics and affricatives: what is earlier f or v?
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F
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Frics and affrics: order to acquisition?
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no
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Do children have consistent rules? (phon. processes)
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You betcha!
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2 years: what is subbed for /s/
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/d/ and /t/
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4 years what is subb for th or Z?
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/s/
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Liquids and glides: what are early?
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/w/ and /j/
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Liquids and glides: what are late?
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/r/ /l/
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What is usually subbed in for /l/ and /r/?
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/w/
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/r/ probs (two)
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bunched /r/ or liquid/glide probs
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In kids, what usually happens to final pos. liquids and glides?
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-replaced by vowels
-replaced by schwas (connected speech) -vowels get reduced in longer syllabls |
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Consonant clusters occur at what ages?
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Later. (rare in young)
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What is a way kids compensate for cons. clusters?
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subbed w/ completely diff. sounds
-OR simplified to one element |
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Clusters with /s/ difficult or easier for kids?
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diff. (eliminated, usually)
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Vowels, mastered at what age?
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3
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VC contrasts develop when?
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Earliest
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Are front sounds easier than back in tems of developing consonants?
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Yes
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If two cons. have similar manner which will dev. first, labial or velar?
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labial
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Which precedes the other, stops or fricatives?
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stops
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Which precede which: place of articulation contrasts or voicing contrasts?
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place of articulation contrasts
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T/F: stops and nasals come after affricates and liquids
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F
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T/F High and low vowels occur before fron and back?
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True
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Cons. clusters develop earlier than single consonants?
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False
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Consonant contrast develop in the middle and final positions first?
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No. Initial position is first
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Put these in order based on development: CVCV, CV, CVC
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CV, CVC, CVCV
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Do CVCV words decrease or increase after 2?
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Yes
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Suprasegmentals must be acquired before speech T/F?
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T
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What are the three main parts of prosody within suprasegmentals
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Intonation, Tempo, and Loudness
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Syllabic Stress: what is an example?
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convict,convict
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Syllabic Stress: at what age can children perceive stress?
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1 month
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Syllabic Stress: when is acquisition completed?
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early school years
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What makes up a stressed syllable?
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greater intensity
longer duration |
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When do children begin to control volume?
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12-14 months
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When are stressed syllables mastered?
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3-4
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What is timing?
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shortening or lengthening vowels
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When is timing for vowels acquired?
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Age 3
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