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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Collective Security
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multi-lateral way to avoid war
requires willingness to use force in order to uphold general peace |
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Washington Conference
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a.k.a. 9-Power Treaty
US, Br., Fr., Jap., China, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Portugal naval treaty limiting ratios of sizes of major worldwide powers preserve sovereignty of China |
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Locarno Treaty
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1925, Germany voluntarily reaffirms its comittment to Treaty of Versailles
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Kellogg-Briand Pact
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1928, superficial multi-lateral peace "outlawing" war
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League of Nations
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created 1920, multi-lateral body to promote peace
in reality, could only offer token condemnations and declare who is an aggressor or victim |
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Mukden Incident
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1931, Japan blew up own railroad in Manchuria
blamed China as "aggressors", invaded Manchuria |
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Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
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1931, conquered by Japan
League of Nations did too little, too late region in northern China, important to Japan to relieve population and resource pressures |
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Non-Agression Pact with Poland
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1934, Germany delays aggression and undermines the League with its bilateral nature
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Neutrality Acts
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1935 laws passed by US to pursue isolationism
prohibited US citizens from selling contraband, travelling, or loaning money to belligerents |
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Saar Basin
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April 1935, region voted to return to Germany
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Four-year Plan
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1936, Hitler's policy of huge public works (i.e. Autobahn) + increased industrial production + enlargement of military
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Stresa Front
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1934 Britain + France + Italy
military agreement to prevent Germany from remilitarizing Rhineland or moving against Austria |
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Dolfus
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1934, Austrian Chancellor assassinated by Nazis, part of Hitler's pressure to force Austria to join Germany
Mussolini brought army to border to force Hitler to back off |
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Rhineland
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1936, remilitarized by Hitler in direct violation of Treaty of Versailles
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Sudetenland
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1936, taken by Hitler after remilitarizing the Rhineland
border w/ Czechoslovakia, threatens new Western-style democracy |
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Italian Invasion of Ethiopia
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1936, annexed by Italy after costly war on both sides
Italy reprimanded by League, but tacitly condoned by Stresa Front + US |
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Spanish Civil War
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1936-39, loyalist republicans vs. nationalists
republics backed by Western volunteers (not actual gov'ts) nationalists explicitly backed by Germans + Italians |
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Franco
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leader of Spanish nationalists in Civil War
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Appeasement
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internat'l community's policy of allowing Hitler to make small gains and violate treaties in the hope that they would give an inch, and he would take an inch.
he took the continent. |
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Anti-Comintern Pact
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1936, Japan + Italy + Germ. ally in opposition to spread of Communism
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Rape of Nanking
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1937, after faking another incident to invade China, Japan defeats Chinese army and pillages cities
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Munich Agreement
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Fall 1938, West agrees to support Germ. as long as they stop at Sudetenland
denounced by Churchill as temporary and weak |
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Anschluß
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March 1938, Germ. + Austria unite
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Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
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Aug. 1939, Germ. + USSR delay war between each other
Germ. needs time to beat the West without worrying about eastern front Stalin's purges crippled USSR army, needed time to recover |
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German Invasion of Poland
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Sept. 1939, WWII starts when Germ. invades Poland with consent of USSR
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Blitzkrieg
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military tactic that allowed Germ. to steamroll European continent in weeks
used heavy mechanized mobile units to break static fronts + bombers deep behind enemy lines |
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Sitzkrieg
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1939, "phony war" when Brit. + Fr. unable to muster the forces to respond to Germ.
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Air-raid of Coventry
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1940, during Battle of Britain, Churchill knowingly allows Germ. planes to bomb civilian city so Germ. wouldn't know he had cracked their code
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Enigma Code
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Germ. communication code cracked by Brit. intelligence agencies, giving Brit. knowledge of Germ. invasion
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Blockade of North Sea
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Spring 1940, Brit. blockades Germ.'s access to Atlantic
led Germ. to invade Norway |
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Maginot Line
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static defenses built by Fr. on border with Germ.
bypassed through Ardennes and by blitzkrieg |
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Ardennes Forrest
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forrest on Fr. border with Germ., Germ. passed through to bypass Maginot Line, conquer Fr. within weeks
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German Invasion of Europe
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April - May 1940, Germ. took (in this order):
Norway, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Northern France |
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Evacuation at Dunkirk
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335,000 Brit. troops + 100,000 Fr. troops surrounded by Germ. army in N. France
Hitler hesitated, allowed all troops to evacuate across English Channel |
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Marshal Philippe Pétain
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June 1940, French premier elected to sign armistice w/ Hitler, didn't resist
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Occupied France
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N. France, directly controlled by Germ.
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Vichy France
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"unoccupied" France, collaborationist puppet state
gave up Fr. colonies in Asia to Jap. |
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Charles de Gaulle
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fled to London to establish Free French Gov't, tried to fight for Fr. liberation
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Churchill
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British PM, replaced Chamberlain May 1940, kicked out July 1945
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Battle of Britain
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Aug. 1940 - May 1941, Germ. uses Luftwaffe to bomb civilian cities + factories
more maneuverable, but outnumbered Br. airforce wins b/c homefield advantage |
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Atlantic Charter
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Aug. 1941, after Battle of Britain, US + Br. agree to "end Nazi tyranny," even though US was still "neutral"
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Cash and Carry
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US policy allowing sale of weapons to Brit. as long as all sales took place in US
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Bases for Destroyers
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after Brit. ran out of cash for C&C, US traded ships for Brit. naval bases
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Lend-Lease
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after B for D, gov't allows US to make weapons and give them to countries with same nat'l interest
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Germany's Eastern European Allies
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March 1941, Hungary, Bulgaria + Romania allied with Axis
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Marshal Ion Antonescu
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Romanian general, became Hitler's favorite foreign-conscripted general
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Invasion of Greece
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October 1940, Italy invades neutral country
Early 1941, Germ. forced to divert airforce + infantry to help, also had to take Yugoslavia, delaying invasion of USSR |
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Neutral Switzerland
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even though it was neutral, acted as "Germany's banker," processing materials confiscated at camps
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Neutral Sweden
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neutral, but still provided backup factories for Germ. when their's were destroyed by bombings
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Neutral Spain
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still neutral, but under Franco was pro-Nazi
sent 40,000 "volunteers" to help Germ. on eastern front |
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Operation Barbarossa
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June 1941, Germ. invades USSR, besieges Leningrad + Moscow by October
harsh winter breaks down Germ. offensive |
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General Hideki Tojo
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miltarist prime minister of Japan, wanted New Order in Asia
expansionist policies worried Allies |
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Pearl Harbor
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December 7, 1941, Jap. launch surprise attack on US fleet stationed in Hawaii
deals huge damage to navy + airforce, brings US into war |
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Plan Dog
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1940, US policy prioritizing European Theater > Pacifc Theater
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Operation Torch
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1942, US aids Br. in invasion of N. Africa, which was conquered by Axis
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Erwin Rommel
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Germ. general of the Afrika Korps, took much of N. Africa, threatened Egypt
aimed to threaten Suez + Gibraltar |
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Japanese Conquests
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by 1942, Jap. controlled:
Manchuria, Eastern China, Hong Kong, Singapore, East Indies, Malaya, Burma, Indochina + Philippines |
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Chungking
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inland center of Chinese resistance against Jap. control
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Battle of Coral Sea
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May 1942, US stops Jap. navy from advancing to Australia, first victory vs. Jap.
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Battle of Midway
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June 1942, US protects Hawaii by devastating Jap. carrier fleet, gaining naval dominance
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El Alamein
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Nov. 1942, Brit. + US stop Rommel, allows Allies to secure N. Africa and later invade Sicily
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Casablanca Conference
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Jan. 1943, US + Br. met in N. Africa, USSR pissed about lack of help
Allies agree to send troops from N. Africa to Sicily agree on pursuing UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER |
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Battle of Stalingrad
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July 1942 - Feb. 1943, Germ. lays siege to Stalingrad
Hitler ignores his advisors, doesn't retreat, loses 250,000 troops to Rus. victory |
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Volga River
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strategically important river near Stalingrad
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Tehran Conference
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Nov. 1943, Big 3 meet for first time, after turning points
agree on June 1944 for cross-channel invasion agree to make UN |
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Strategic Bombing
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euphemism used on both sides for the bombing of civilian targets to break enemy moral, usually failed
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Island Hopping
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1943, US strategy in the Pacific
avoid fighting entrenched Jap. garrisons by only taking certain islands, bypassing some but still creating a coherent chain of US-controlled islands |
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Guadalcanal
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Aug. 1942 - Feb. 1943, bloody battle for island shows US that Jap. soldiers won't give up without a fight
served as impetus for island hopping |
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Invasion of Italy
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Sep. 1943, Allies invade Italy from south, move upwards
Mussolini kicked out by Italian gov't |
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D-Day
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June 6, 1944, Allies succeed at largest amphibious assault on Normandy, Fr.
cross-channel invasion sets foothold for Allied liberation of the continent |
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July Plot
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July 1944, unsuccessful assassination attempt on Hitler makes him paranoid, even more irrational
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Battle of the Bulge
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Dec. 1944, Germ. last counterattack in Ardennes forrest fails, allows Allies to move on to Berlin
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Fall 1944
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USSR pushes Germ. back to Germ. soil
Balkans leave Axis American bombers within range of Japan |
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Katyn Forrest
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1939, USSR massacres all Polish nat'list leaders to ensure control of post-war Poland
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Second Warsaw Uprising
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Aug. 1944, USSR on bank of Vistula, about to take Warsaw
Red Army stops, allows Germ. to crush Polish uprising, then retreat eliminates non-communist leadership, ensures Soviet dominance in post-war Poland |
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Moscow Conference
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Oct. 1944, Brit. + USSR divie up Balkans by percentages
agree on timetable for USSR to enter war vs. Jap. |
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Yalta Conference
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Feb. 1945, last meeting of Big 3
agree on USSR influence in E. Europe, organize UN, USSR agrees to declare war on Jap. 3 months after V-E day split post-war Germ. into 4 parts |
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V-E Day
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May 8, 1945, Germ. unconditionally surrenders
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Battle of Leyte Gulf
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Oct. 1944, largest naval battle in history
US crushes Jap. fleet |
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Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa
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Feb - June 1945, US took two islands, right on Jap.'s doorstep, close-range base for bombers
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Potsdam Conference
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July 1945, Allies demand unconditional surrender from Jap.
USSR agrees to declare war in August |
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Manhattan Project
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top secret US project to develop Atomic Bomb
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Hiroshima
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August 6, US dropped first A-Bomb
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Nagasaki
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August 9, US dropped second A-Bomb after Jap. refused to surrender
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V-J Day
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Sep. 2, 1945, Jap. unconditionally surrenders
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