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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cause: militarism
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-glorification of war and increase in military spending
-Germany competed against England's naval superiority -bigger & better weapons: British battle ship and submarines |
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cause: nationalism
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-Germany and Italy had only recently become united, independent countries
-many countries torn by tensions of different nationalist groups -combined with militarism and imperial competition -> increased tension in Europe -France, Italy, Germany used nationalism to unite their homogeneous populations -russia, austria-hungary torn apart by ethnic tensions |
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cause: building tensions
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1) Germany:
-decides to isolate France -William II breaks treaty w/Russia 2) France & Russia become allies 3) 1895: Dual Entente & Triple Alliance 4) Britain abandons Splendid Isolation (worried about losing control of seas, wanted to sort out hostility between France and Russia, economic power) 5) Britain creates: -Anglo-Japanese Alliance -Entente Cordiale & Anglo-Russian Alliance ---> Triple Entente 6)Tangiers Speech & Algeciras Conference 7)Bosnia Herzegovina crisis (Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina) 8)Agadir crisis 9) Balkan wars 10) OUTBREAK: assassination of Austrian heir by Serb in Sarajevo, Bosnia |
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cause: chain of events
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-Austria declared war on Serbia
-Russia supports Serbia, Germany supports Austria -Germany declares war on Russia -Germany declares war on France, invades France via Belgium -Britain declares war on Germany |
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power keg in Balkans
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-people with diverse religions, ethnic backgrounds, languages
-Russia & Austria competed for control of new nations -1908: Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia, Serbia resents this |
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Schlieffen Plan
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-Germany would invade France through Holland, Luxembourg, and mainly Belgium
-assumptions: -Russia would take at least 6 weeks to mobilize -France would be easily defeated in 6 weeks -Belgium would not resist any German attacks -Britain would remain neutral -reality: -Germans held up by the Belgium army, backed up by British, who arrived very quickly -Russia mobilized in 10 days -Germany forced to withdraw troops from Schlieffen Plan to defend eastern border |
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Zimmerman Note
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-note sent in from German foreign minister to ambassador in Mexico, containing details of a proposed alliance against America
-intercepted by British -strengthened US public support for war against Germany |
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
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-withdrawal of Russia
-peace treaty with Central Powers |
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Dulce et Decorum Est
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-Wilfred Owens
-depicted conditions of the war |
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In Flanders Field
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-John McCrae, doctor
-death of a former student triggered him to write this poem |
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Wilson's 14 Points
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1) no secret treaties
2) freedom of the seas 3) no economic barriers between nations 4) reduced possessions of arms and army 5) voice for colonies 6) Germany out of Russia, Russia solves problems on her own, help will come if needed 7) Germany out of Belgium and France 8) Alsace-Lorraine to France 9) expansion of Italy 10) ethnic separation for Czechs, Magyars, Bulgarians 11) Germany out of Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro, new nations, independence of Serbia 12) Poland's independence 13) independence of Turkey, other nationalities in Turkey will live freely, free passage for Dardanelles 14) League of Nations |
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Treaty of Versailles
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-Alsace-Lorraine to Germany
-German coal fields under France for 15 years -Loss of all German overseas colonies -Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia all become independent states -Rhineland demilitarized -France owes Germany no debt -German military forces demobilized -limited German army -German takes full blame for the war |
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trench condition: body lice
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-literally impossible to remove
-methods: lighted candle, hot baths -lice eggs hatches from body heat -carried diseases such as trench fever -primary sources: private george coppard, private stuart dolden |
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trench condition: trench foot
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-wet boots for a long time rotted away skin
-primary source: captain G.H. Impey |
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trench condition: trench rats
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-rats ate the bodies of dead men
-huge and large numbers in trenches -primary sources: stuart dolden, george coppard, richard beasley, frank laird |
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propaganda
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deliberate spreading of information designed in certain ideas; form of mass persuasion
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reasons for propaganda
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-enlistment for armed forces
-recruitment of women for factories or land -morale of population at home -hatred of enemy -buy war bonds or loans to help finance war |
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symbols in propaganda
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-Britain: lion, John Bull, Britannia
-Russia: black bear -USA: bald eagle, Uncle Sam -France: rooster, Miss Liberty -Ottoman: turkey -Egypt: sphinx -Germany/Austria: black phoenix |
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techniques in propaganda
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-sense of duty to someone's religion, his king, country
-feelings of patriotism -desire to protect heritage -man's sense of masculinity -desire of adventure -moral indignation for enemy atrocities -women's sense of contributing towards final victory -women's guilt of wasting resources that others have sacrificed themselves to provide -man's guilt over not contributing to final victory |
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women and propaganda
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-women in need of protection
-called on to question their men's commitment to war effort -called on to contribute to war effort in terms of labor and service -seen as keepers of homes -enemy women portrayed as heartless -used as sex objects to lure men |
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Verdun
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-longest battle of the war
-important to French -germans wanted to utterly defeat French, but was unsuccessful |
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Somme
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-important to British
-British began offensive to take pressure off of France at Verdun |
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Ypres
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-3 battles
-exemplifies utter devastation and destruction of war -1,700,000 killed & wounded |
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Tannenburg
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-important to Germans
-almost completely crushed Russian troops |
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Gallipolo
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-important to Australia and New Zealand (ANZACS)
-great Allied disaster |
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new countries after war
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-Finland
-Estonia -Latvia -Lithuania -Poland -Czech-Slovakia -Austria -Hungary -Yugoslavia -Turkey |
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Lusitania
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-Germans warned British Lusitania passengers
-lost innocent lives of civilians and neutral Americans -reaction in US: changed names |
