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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tripple Entente/ Allies
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1. Great Britain
2. France 3. Russia |
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4 Underlying Causes of WWI
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1. Imperialism
2.Militarism 3. Nationalism 4. The alliance system |
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Triple Alliance/ Central Powers:
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1. Germany
2. Austria Hungary 3. Italy |
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Events Leading to WWI
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1. Dispute between Austria-Hungary & Serbia
2. Germany declaring war on Russia 3. France & Russia vs Germany 4. Britain declares war on Germany |
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Attitudes towards the war (1914) : Europe
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o Enthusiasm
o Thought it would be a glorious, heroic thing, full of adventure o Thought it would be over by Christmas (started in August) o Unbridled patriotism o Speaking against was a rarity |
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Attitudes towards the war (1914) : English Canada
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o Near unanimous support for Britain and Empire
o Patriotism, heroism, a chance to see the world o At this point, Canada is independent but still under the thumb of Britain |
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Attitudes towards the war (1914) : French Canada
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o Indifferent at first
o Soon opposed o Did not share English Canada’s desire to fight for Britain o Did not have the same link to France o This would become a divisive issue eventually |
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What happens when Canada goes to war?
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- Support from English Canadians
- French canadians oppose - thought they would be home by christmas - war lasted 4 years -60,000 canadians killed -Sam hughes |
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Early days of the war:
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Schlieffen Plan
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Trench Warfare:
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-new technology --> soldiers had to dig down to find hiding places
-gains were soon lost -generals didn't know how to fight this situation -winning was not common -losses were extremely high -life in trenches: miserable, dirty, days/weeks spent in trenches, horrors, constant rain, shell shock, new technology made you dig into the ground |
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Canada at war: Key battles
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Southern Belgium (Flanders)
-Ypres -3 battles (1914-1916) -Passchendaele (1917) Northern France -the Somme (1915) -Vimy Ridge (1917) |
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The War at home: Propaganda
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-not necessarily a lie
-statement of facts and beliefs with intention of influencing a group of people -trade marks -Over exaggeration of facts -heightens stereotypes -plays on emotions and symbolic images -techniques -name calling -band wagon -glittering generalities -card stacking -promoted to persuade canadians -censored reports from the war |
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The War at home: Propaganda, Total war
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-all resources of a nations organized for the war effort
-home front: crucial for production, enlisting troops, finance and organization |
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The War at home: Propaganda, $$$$
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-government needed to save money to finance war effort
-food rationing -mandatory waste reduction -students released early to bring in harves -daylight savings -people asked to save rubber, scarp metal ect... |
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The War at home: Propaganda, Need for more soldiers
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-lots of Canadian casualties
-By 1917, volunteer enlistments were drying up -The Canadian Government simply needed more soldiers -Many now had good jobs and did not want to leave (people at home) |
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The War at home: Propaganda, Victory Bonds
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-The war was costing Canada = $ 1 million/ day
-Victory Bonds allowed Canadians to buy Government Bonds -help the government pay for the war -after the war they could turn the bonds in after 5, 10, or 20 years and gain interest -Will beat the HUN |
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The War at home: Propaganda, Further government measures
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-Honour rationing = people limited themselves to a 1½ lbs. of Butter and 2 lbs. of sugar a month
-Income Tax was introduced -Food and Fuel became scarce and expensive during the war -Government Slogans -“Meatless Mondays” and “Fuelless Sundays” |
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The War at home: Propaganda, Propaganda was used to...
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-Drum up support for the war through Guilt
-Tried to increase enlistments -Make people conserve food and lessen consumption -Make people contribute $$$ to the war effort -Basically, it allowed the government to continue to run the war effort. |
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The War at home: Helping Hands, Farming
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-Food supply was one of the main ways the Canada contributed to the war
-Prices for wheat were high and many benefited -With many young farmers off to war --> women and older men took over the farms -Boys joined “Soldiers of the Soil” to help out -The increased push on farming (to help for the war and for financial gain) -lead to over farming |
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The War at home: Helping Hands, industry
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• Canadian companies started to export their goods, notably armaments, airplane parts, uniforms and submarines
- the Imperial Munitions Board was created and was successful in ridding Canada of some of the worst forms of PROFITEERING -PROFITEERING:Make or seek to make an excessive or unfair profit/ black market |
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The War at home: Helping Hands, Financially
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-Canadians were encouraged to buy “VICTORY BONDS”
- “CANADIANPATRIOTIC FUND” to help Familes affected by the war -Children bough “thrift stamps” -two new taxes were introduced -Corporate tax (on business profits) -Income tax (on employment income) -Neither of these has been revoked to this day -government has come to rely on them for revenue |
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The War at home: Helping Hands, negative side of the War/The War Measures Act
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• Anti German and Anti-Austrian
-Anti-German riots arose -German composers were avoided -Berlin, Ontario’s name was changed to Kitchener -government had power to arrest and detain and “enemy aliens” - enemy aliens: people living in a country at war with their original country -8000 men were taken to work in internment camps, mostly of Austrian, German and Ukrainian descent -6 were killed trying to escape -By mid-1916, most were released so that they could return to work. -If you had immigrated within the last 15 years, you lost the right to vote -considered that war made this a necessity • Profiteering -difficult for people who were trying to save money -food and material to see rich people making money off the war • Intolerance / Racism -At first, natives and non-white Canadians were not allowed to sign up, or strongly encouraged not to -1915: Natives could enlist -1916: Japanese and Chinese could enlist -Black Canadians: could enlist, were formed into separate battalions and kept away from the other soldiers -Pacifists: those who spoke out against the war encountered strong feelings -Lost the right to vote in 1917 |
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The War at Sea/ The War in the Air: Air
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- beginning of the war, pilots flew alone in biplanes used mostly for aerial reconnaissance
-photographing and reporting on enemy troop movements -pilots on both sides were armed and fired pistols and rifles at the enemy below -manufacturers for both sides had built small fighter aircraft with machine guns mounted on the planes -Fighter pilots had to be sharp shooters -Aerial dogfights were spectacular -pilot shot down five enemy aircraft → ace - 50,000 + pilots and air crew were killed between 1914 and 1918. -Canadians who wanted to be pilots had to join the British RFC |
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The War at Sea/ The War in the Air: Water
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-Germany could not match Britain's navy in size but U-boat (submarine) was a dangerous weapon
- because it could travel under water without being seen or detected -When later equipped with torpedoes, they completely destroyed warships or merchant ships. -In 1915, a U-boat sank the British passenger liner → Lusitania -killing passengers, including many Canadians and Americans. -April 1917, Germany announced that U-boats would sink any ship within the war zone around Britain -More reason for the United States to enter the war -the Allies developed an underwater listening device that helped them locate and destroy U-boats -the Allies forced the Germans to surrender the U-boats they had left -cant build any more |
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The Halifax Explosion
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-brought bloodshed from Europe to Canada
-French munitions ship carrying explosives crashed with another ship in Halifax harbor -Blast reached large sections of Halifax -Boston donated over 3 million in relief supplies -30 million was collected from around the world to help rebuild city -special Christmas tree is shipped from Nova Scotia to Boston |
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The Impact of the war on Women in Canada: In the war
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-2400 enlisted as nurses
-Only military option open to them |
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The Impact of the war on Women in Canada: On the Home Front, Industry
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-Worked in heavy machinery
-Dangerous jobs -Received ½ pay of men -No washrooms -No childcare -The idea was clearly that they would WANT to return home after |
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The Impact of the war on Women in Canada: On the Home Front, home
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-Work on the farm
-Take care of children -Keep family going in the absence of sons, brothers, fathers -“Keep the home fires burning” |
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The Impact of the war on Women in Canada: On the Home Front, improvements
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-Campaign for rights and better conditions was successful in some places
-female suffragists pushed for the “franchise” -1917: Wartime Elections Act: enemy aliens cant vote, wives, mothers, sisters ect.. of soldiers could -1918: federal franchise extended to all women |
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The Impact of the war on Women in Canada: On the Home Front, long term impact of WWI on Canadian Women
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-Changed the nature of “women’s work”
-Most did in fact return to the home when the war ended -However: many women were able to earn $ themselves began to change the nature of male-female relationships - women started to enter universities and professions -1928: The Persons Case – women declared “persons” under the law and therefore equal to men |
