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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Planned Economy
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an economy in which governmental regulation of national resources is established to achieve economic stability
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Maginot Line
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line of steel concrete fortifications on the France-Germany border the was used to keep Germany from attacking France again
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Leon Blum
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socialist leader of the Popular Front
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Reforms Made from the Locarno Pact treaties
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European countries agreed to solve future disputes without war, Germany would join League of Nations, Franco-German boundaries would stay same
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General Strike
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a refusal by workers in various industries to continue working until their demands are met
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Irish Home Rule
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self Government for Ireland from Britain
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Reforms of Popular Front and Leon Blum
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gov. raise pay of all workers, 40 hour work week, Bank of France put under partial gov. control
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Reason for Fall of the Popular Front
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prices rose
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Effect of Popular Front
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French government developed great power
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Easter Rebellion, 1916
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rebellion of Irish against the Britain to have home rule for Ireland
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Why Northern Ireland wanted to stay with the British
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most residents were protestants and since British was protestant wanted religious stability
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Sinn Fein
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Irish Republican Army that fought against the British for independence of Ireland
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Kellogg-Briand
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Pact between over 60 nations that said war was "illegal." War could not be prevented=pact no longer effective
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Dawes Plan
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Attempt to collect reparations from Germany
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Young Plan
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Huge international loans to Germany from U.S. and others because German economy was collapsing
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How the Facists Rose to Power
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Through democratic processes
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Black Shirts
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Fascist army promising to defend Italy against a communist revolution
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Corporate State
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Meaning that a country's major economic activities such as agriculture, transportation, manufacturing, and commerce, were formed into syndicates that resembled corporations
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Challenges faced by Weimar Republic: Hyperinflation
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initial cause was from WWI debt, trigged when French came in to occupy key industrial areas of Germany, so German workers refused to work and idle workers still got paid
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Challenges faced by Weimar Republic: "Golden Age"
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As a result of loans from mainly U.S. but also France, and Britain from Young Plan, Germany has age of economic prosperity
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Challenges faced by Weimar Republic: Great Depression
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U.S. asks for loans back, Germany already put money into industry, still unemployment rises in Germany and U.S.
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Italy's Invasion of Etiopia
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Show weakness of L.O.N. even though economic sanction put on Italy, Italy conquers Ethiopia and put under control of Victor Emmanuel III
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Rome Berlin Axis
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Military alliance made by Mussolini and Hitler, eventually Japan would join axis powers
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Anschluss with Austria
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After Hitler and Mussilini want Austria to have Nazi members in Cabinet Austrian Chancellor offers vote for union with Germany but Hitler refuses and marches in and takes over, no help from L.O.N.
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Anschluss
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union
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Sudetenland
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Around western rim of Czechoslovakia, 3 mil Germans
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Why Sudetenland becomes under German Control
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Nazi party grows there, call for independence, Germany goes in to protect Sud., Czech can't afford war and give Germans
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Munich Conference
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Made by Hitler. British, France, Italy, Germany, Czech, met to settle Czech matter peaceably. What resulted was Appeasement
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Appeasement
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attempting to preserve peace by yielding to the demands of the aggressor
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Polish Corridor
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given back to the restored nation of Poland after Versailles treaty, divided Germany from east Prussia, and gave outlet to Baltic sea
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Danzig
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city in Poland administered by League of Nations
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Enabling Act
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gave Hitler emergency powers for 4 years
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Hitler Rise to Power
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gets support from fear of communism, Hitler appointed chancellor, blamed burning of Reichstag on communists, Nazi's win majority and Enabling Act is passed
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Overarching forces that paved the way for World War I
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nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, Alliances
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Nationalism
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desire to unite all people under one governmentTh
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Militarism
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created large army reserve in the belief that a strong army won everything
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Imperialism
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desire for expansion (colonies in Africa)
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Three Emperor's League
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1881 secret agreement made by Bismarck between Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary
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Triple Alliance
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1882 between Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary causing power imbalance leading to Triple Entente
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"Powder Keg" of Europe
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Balkan's. Feud between Serbia and Austria-Hungary, and alliances made big war
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Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
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Killed by Black Hand (serbian naitonalists). Hungary gave outrageous ultimatum (not accepted force)
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Germany's Blank Check
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A promise to Austro-Hungary that they would support against Russia and the Serbs
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Central Powers
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Ottomans, Germans, Bulgaria, Austria-Hungary
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Allies
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Britain, France, Russia, Everyone else (U.S)
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Advances in military weapons in WWI
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Trench warfare, Poison gas, tanks
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Battle of the Marne
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Germans push to Marne River right outside Paris, French hold them and ruins the hope for quick victory
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Battle of Tannenberg
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Russians get OWNED by Germans in east prussia
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Gallipoli
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1915 France and Britain try and sail in to take Constantinople to get shipping lanes to Russian allies, eight months and the loss of 145,000 troops they leave
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Blockade
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British attempt to block German exports
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Lusitania
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May 1915 Passenger ship that is sunk by German U-boat, kills 128 Americans, gets threat from US
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War of Attrition/Stalemate example
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Battle of Verdun, France and Germany both have losses over 300,000
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Zimmerman Telegram
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1917 Alfred Zimmerman sends secret telegram to Mexico to encourage attack on the US, US decoded it and published it causing entrance into WWI
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"The world must be safe for democracy"
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Said by Woodrow Wilson as a declaration of war. (War on Germany)
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Fourteen Points
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points given by Wilson in 1918 to be followed to create a world safe for democracy
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Armistice
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the chancellor of Germany signed an agreement to stop fighting until a treaty could be drawn up
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Big Four (Including Leaders)
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Great Britain (David George), France (Georges Clemenceau), United States (Woodrow Wilson), Italy (Vittorio Orlando)
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Versailles Treaty
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Treaty created after WWI that talked about reparations of Germany, and land distribution. (Germany objected because it did not follow 14 points)
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Reparations for Germany following WWI
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$33 million to be paid, lost considerable territory around border, lost overseas colonies, Poland was restored got lots of territory from Germany, had to abolish conscription and have no reserve army, could not have submarines or large battleships
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New nations created
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Finland, Estonia, Lavita, Lithuania, Palestine, Iraq, Arabia, and Syria
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Alexander I
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Russian leader, great thinker and talker, not man of action
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Nicholas I
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Tolerated no liberalism "submit and obey"
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Crimean War
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Russia invades Turkey, Russia suffers defeat and not one of their better memories
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Alexander II
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Faced Crimean defeat, freed the surfs
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Zemstovos
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in charge of meeting economic needs in Russia
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Emancipation Edict
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Gave serfs basic civil rights, however little freedom cause they couldn't pay off their mirs in order to leave
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Russification
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Used by Czar Nicholas I to lessen the nationalities tensions, forced Russians to adopt Russian language, accept Orthodox religion, and adopt Russia's customs
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Pogroms
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Suprise attacks on Jews, often resulted in massacre
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"One Czar, One Church, One Language"
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Said by Alexander III, minorities felt oppression
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Alexander III
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Intensified Russification, stomped out liberlism, ruled through tough and ruthless police force
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Bloody Sunday
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Czar Nicholas II troops shoot a group of unarmed strikers going to deliver a petition to the Czar, leads to Revolution of 1905
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Russo-Japanesse War
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Japanesse beat Russians (asians are awesome)
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October Manifesto
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Decree issued by Czar Nicolas II guaranteed individual liberties and provided for election of parliament called the Duma
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The Duma
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Started out democratic, Czar changed so only wealthy landowners can vote, making more conservative and cooperative with the Czar
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Stolypin Reforms
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Named after Czar's Prime minister, let peasants leave mirs more easier, ends redemption payments
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Russia's WWI
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Russia is not ready to be part of modern war, thousands are killed
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Protests in Petrograd
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Crushed by Nicholas II and Duma dissolves
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Red vs. White
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White=Reactionaries, Liberals, Mensheviks vs. Red=Bolsheviks, (Communists)
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"War Communism"
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Leaders nationalized the industries, no more long term social or economic measures
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NEP (New Economic Policy)
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Allowed some free enterprise only small buisineses though. Oil, steel, mining, and railraods remained under gov control
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Struggle for Russian Succession
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Trotsky loses to Stalin, murdered by Stalin's police in Mexico
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First Five Year Plan
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Returned to completely controlled command economy, gov planners make decisions, collective farming
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First Five Year Plan Result
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Successful, made 70% of productive farming into collective farming
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Second Five Year Plan
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Called for production increases in heavy industries
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Second Five Year Plan Result
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Not successful, gov placed too much focus on heavy industry and people had to deal with high prices because goods became more scarce
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Stalin's Dictatorship
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Ruled by secret police, disestablished orthodox church, on paper looked like democracy, really Communist party held ALL power
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Comintern
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Organization founded by Lenin to help spread revolution of Communism throughout the world
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Bolsheviks seize power
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Overthrew provisional government
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Munich ("Beer Hall")
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Revolt, Hitler is arrested
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Mein Kampf
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Book written by Hitler in jail, became bible of Nazism
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Fascism
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The dictatorship of the state over many classes cooperating, opposed communism
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The Falange
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The Spanish Facist party formed by conservatives, Nationalists
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Spanish Popular Front
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Working class party that opposed facism, Loyalists
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Guernica
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Painting by Pablo Picasso that showed sympathy for the merciless bombings on Guernica
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Spanish Civil War Foreign Assistance
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Facists: Germany & Italy, Popular Front (Republicans): SOVIET UNION, France, Britain, U.S
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Nazi-Soviet Pact
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Non-aggression treaty between Germany and Soviet Union, not meant to last
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White Man's Burden
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Superiority of Western society and its burden to help the rest of the world who may not be as fortunate
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Berlin Conference
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Leaders of most Euro nations and U.S. met to establish rules by which African territory could be claimed
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Effects of Berlin Conference
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any nation w/previous land at coast had rights to interior, to "occupy" territory must have actual troops and gov admin, had to give other countries notice of claims
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Suez Canal
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Ismail Pasha, due to financial problems had to sell his stocks of the Suez canal to the British
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Fashoda Incident
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Showdown between British and French over Fashoda
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Results of Fashoda
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Nobody wanted war, British keeps Sudan in return for recognition that French owned West Africa
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Boer War
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Boer's fight for independence against British, Boer's lose and British control mining at Transvaal
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Extraterritoriality
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rights to live under own laws and courts
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European Country that controlled India
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Great Britain
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European Country that controlled South Africa
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Great Britain from Boer War
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European Country that controlled Egypt
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Great Britain (Suez Canal)
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European Country that controlled Most of West Africa
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France
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European Country that controlled Tripoli
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Italy
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European Country that controlled Congo
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Belgians
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Sepoy Rebellions
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Rebellions in India against British, unsuccessful but showed anger
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