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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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[OPP Structural Screening] |
the presence of a somatic dysfunction |
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[OPP Structural Screening]
What are the lateral anatomical aspects of the optimal gravitational line? |
Anterior aspect of the lateral malleolus
middle of the tibial plateau greater trochanter body of L3 (center of the body mass) middle of the humeral head external auditory meatus |
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[OPP Structural Screening]
What are the posterior anatomical aspects of the optimal gravitational line? |
Popliteal creases
greater trochanter iliac crests inferior angles of the scapula acromion processes mastoid processes |
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[OPP Structural Screening]
Interpret positive hip drop test |
–ask the standing patient to bend one knee
–this causes the hip on that side to drop toward the floor –this induces the lumbar spine to bend in the opposite direction to keep the eyes level –the hip usually drops >=25 degrees –if less drop = positive test positive hip drop test = restricted lumbar side–bending on OPPOSITE SIDE |
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[OPP Structural Screening]
Interpret positive hip drop test |
–stand behind the patient & stabilize the head & shoulder with one arm
–use the other arm to push the shoulder inferiorly & medially –this induces sidebending in the thoracic spine –comparing the sides = the side w more resistance indicates restricted thoracic sidebending |
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[OPP Structural Screening]
Discus the treatment of a patient with short leg syndrome (unlevel sacral base) |
OMT
Exercise PT heel–lift on side w depressed sacral base |
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[OPP Structural Screening]
Properly name a scoliotic curve |
Major double scoliosis
single scoliosis junctional scholiosis |
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[OPP Structural Screening]
List some risk factors associated with the presence & severity of scoliotic curves |
Females: 3–5 times more likely
Bone Maturity Initial curve magnitude – smaller curves in mature patients = lower risk of progression – > 45 deg curves in growing patients or >50 deg curves in mature will progress over time |
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[OPP Structural Screening]
What are the causes of scoliosis? |
Idiopathic! (70–90% nfc)
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[OPP Structural Screening]
Differentiate between structural & functional scholiosis |
If patient sidebends towards convexity (toward rib hump)
functional – hump diminishes/disappears Structural – does not reduce |
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[OPP Structural Screening]
Describe the utilization of the Adam's Test to screen for scholiosis |
method: patient bends forward = presents a rib hump
Rib hump on right, rotation to right Rib hump on left, rotation to left |
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[OPP Structural Screening]
Classify scoliosis based on the degree of deviation found by the Cobb method of measuring scoliotic curves |
mild = 10–15 degrees
moderate = 20–45 degrees severe > 50 degrees |
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[OPP Structural Screening]
Describe at what scoliotic angle you will encounter impaired respiratory function |
> 50 degrees deviation
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[OPP Structural Screening]
Describe at what scoliotic angle you will encounter impaired cardiovascular function |
> 75 degrees deviations
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[OPP Structural Screening]
What are the three etiological classifications of scoliosis |
Congenital
Neuromuscular Idiopathic |
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[OPP Structural Screening]
Describe the Congenital classification of scoliosis |
Failure of formation
failure of segmenetation mixed |
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[OPP Structural Screening]
Describe the Neuromuscular classification of scoliosis |
Neuropathic
Myopathic mixed |
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[OPP Structural Screening]
Describe the Idiopathic classification of scoliosis |
Infantile – birth to 3y
Juvenile – 4–9y Adolescent – >10y |
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[OPP Structural Screening]
Detail the heel lift protocol |
flexible pt = 1/8" lift, no more than 1/16" q2wk
fragile pt = 1/16" lift, no more than 1/16" q2wk injured – full amount immediately |
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[OPP Structural Screening]
Define kyphosis |
excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back.
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[OPP Structural Screening]
Define Lordosis |
a posture assumed by some female mammals during mating, in which the back is arched downward.
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[intro to epidemiology]
Describe the useful aspects of epidemiology |
–to study the history of the disease
–community diagnoses –determine risk for individuals, groups, populations –assessment, evaluations, research –Identification of syndromes –Determine causes of disease, sources of disease, & effective tx for disease |
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[intro to epidemiology]
Define ENDEMIC |
A disease or pathogen present or usually Prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times.
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[intro to epidemiology]
Define EPIDEMIC |
A disease occurring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to ENDEMIC disease, occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy.
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[intro to epidemiology]
Define PANDEMIC |
A widespread epidemic distributed or occurring widely throughout a region, country, continent or globally.
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[intro to epidemiology]
Define INCIDENCE |
The rate of occurrence of an event, the number of NEW cases of disease occurring over a specified period of time; may be expressed per a known population size.
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[intro to epidemiology] |
The number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time.
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[intro to epidemiology] |
involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens. (1) Immunizations (2) Smoking Cessation (3) Weight loss (4) Physical fitness activities (5) Nutrition (6) Sun exposure limitation |
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[intro to epidemiology] |
Health Screening and Detection activities. (1) Breast self exam, Mammography (2) Prostate exam, PSA (3) Stool Hemocult, Colonoscopy (4) Blood Pressure Screening (5) Periodic blood tests – glucose, lipids, others |
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[intro to epidemiology] |
preventing complications in those who have developed disease/illness and have been diagnosed. (1) CVA (stroke rehabilitation) (2) Cardiac rehabilitation, following MI (3) Post knee/hip replacement Physical Therapy (4) Diabetic foot exams |
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[intro to epidemiology]
Describe the types of studies useful to epidemiology |
Cohort study
Case Control Study Occupational Epidemiology study Cross–sectional study Clinical trial study |
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[intro to epidemiology] |
(a) Study pointed at development of new preventive strategies and new treatments for disease. (b) Also called Randomized Clinical trials. |
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[DS – Intro to Immunology]
Describe the non–specific or innate defense system |
–is always prepared, responding immediately to protect the body from all foreign substances
–First–line of defense within nonspecific immune system includes the body membranes (skin & mucosae) that prevent entry of MOs –Second–line of defense within the nonspecific immune system is the chemical signals released when the external defenses are penetrated, using antimicrobial proteins as well as phagocytes & other defense cells to inhibit the spread of foreign bodies |
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[DS – Intro to Immunology]
Describe the specific (or adaptive) defense system |
performs the attack against foreign substances & provides a 3rd line of defense for the body.
– the adaptive defense system is a functional system that is made of individual immune cells (lymphocytes), which inhabit lymphatic tissues & circulate in the body fluids, & a diverse array of molecules. –the immune system protects the body from most infectious MOs, cancer cells, & transplanted organs/grafts. The immune system will directly attack foreign bodies & indirectly attack by releasing mobilizing chemicals & protective antibody molecules. Immunity is a high resistance to disease. |
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[DS – Intro to Immunology]
Describe the major features & characteristics of adaptive immune systems |
– It is antigen specific: recognizes and is directed against particular antigens, against pathogens or foreign substances that stimulate the immune response
– It is systemic: Immunity is not restricted to the initial infection site – It has memory: After an initial exposure, it recognizes and mounts even stronger attacks on the previously encountered pathogens |
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[DS – Intro to Immunology]
Compare & contrast active immunity & passive immunity |
– Active Immunity: Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response.
– Artificially acquired active immunity can be induced by a vaccine, a substance that contains the antigen. Passive Immunity: –Artificially acquired passive immunity is a short–term immunization by the injection of antibodies. Naturally acquired passive immunity occurs during pregnancy, in which certain antibodies are passed from the maternal into the fetal bloodstream. |
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[DS – Intro to Immunology]
Describe the primary immune response |
– constitutes cellular proliferation and differentiation, occurs on the first exposure to a particular antigen.
i) |
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[DS – Intro to Immunology]
Describe the secondary immune response |
occurs during a re–exposed to the same antigen; short lag phase, increased immune response
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[DS – Intro to Immunology]
Describe the major functions of the B–Cells |
lymphocytes that oversee humoral immunity; B–cells can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as T–cells and natural killer cells (NK cells), by the presence of a protein on the B–cell's outer surface known as a B–cell receptor (BCR). This specialized receptor protein allows a B–cell to bind to a specific antigen.
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[DS – Intro to Immunology]
Describe the major functions of the T–Cells |
a type of lymphocyte (itself a type of white blood cell) that play a central role in cell–mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells (NK cells), by the presence of a T–cell receptor (TCR) on the cell surface. They are called T–cells because they mature in the thymus (although some also mature in the tonsils).[1][2] There are several subsets of T cells: Helper, Cytotoxic, Memory, Regulatory, Natural Killer, and Mucosal Associated Invariant T Cells.
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[DS – Intro to Immunology]
List the major Antigen–Presenting Cells |
Dendritic Cells
Macrophages B–Lymphocytes |
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[DS – Intro to Immunology]
Describe the APC aspect of the dendritic cell |
process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells of the immune system.
They act as messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune systems. Dendritic cells are present in those tissues that are in contact with the external environment, such as the skin Once activated, they migrate to the lymph nodes where they interact with T cells & B cells to initiate and shape the adaptive immune response. |
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[DS – Intro to Immunology]
Describe the APC aspect of the Macrophage |
are a type of WBC that engulf & digest cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, and cancer cells in phagocytosis
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[DS – Intro to Immunology]
Describe the APC aspect of the B–lymphocyte |
principal functions of B–cells are to make antibodies against antigens, to perform the role of antigen–presenting cells (APCs), and to develop into memory B–cells after activation by antigen interaction. B–cells also release cytokines (proteins), which are used for signaling immune regulatory functions.
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[DS – Intro to Immunology]
Explain the role of Naive Lymphocytes |
– A naive T–cell is considered mature and unlike activated T cells or memory T cells it has not encountered its cognate antigen within the periphery.
– A naive B–cell has not been exposed to an antigen. Once exposed, it either becomes a memory B cell or a plasma cell that secretes antibodies specific to the antigen that was originally bound. Plasma cells do not last long in the circulation, this is in contrast to memory cells that last for very long periods of time. Memory cells do not secrete antibody until activated by their specific antigen. |
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[DS – Intro to Immunology]
Explain the role of Effector Lymphocytes |
– Effector cells are the relatively short–lived activated cells that defend the body in an immune response.
– Effector B cells are called plasma cells and secrete antibodies – Activated T cells include cytotoxic T–cells & helper T–cells, which carry out cell–mediated responses. |
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[DS – Intro to Immunology]
Explain the role of Memory Lymphocytes |
– Memory T cells have become "experienced" by having encountered antigen during a prior infection, cancer, or vaccination. At a second encounter with the invader, memory T–cells can reproduce to mount a faster & stronger immune response than the first time the immune system responded to the invader.
– Memory B cells are a B–cell sub–type that are formed within germinal centers following primary infection and are important in generating an accelerated and more robust antibody–mediated immune response in the case of re–infection |
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[DS – Intro to Immunology]
List the primary immunologic organs & tissues |
Thymus gland
Bone Marrow |
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[DS – Intro to Immunology]
List the secondary immunologic organs & tissues |
Spleen
Lymph Nodes Lymphoid Tissues |
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[DS – Intro to Immunology]
Contrast Cell–Mediated Immunity with Humoral Immunity |
– Cell–Mediated Immunity does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen–specific cytotoxic T–lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
– Humoral Immunity: called the antibody–mediated immune system, is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules (as opposed to cell–mediated immunity) found in extracellular fluids such as secreted antibodies, complement proteins and certain antimicrobial peptides. Humoral immunity is so named because it involves substances found in the humours, or body fluids. |
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[Intro to Immunology]
Compare & contrast the innate defenses & the adaptive/acquired immune response |
Innate: body's natural barrier/defenses, non–specific, cells use pattern–recognition receptors to recognize pathogen–associated molecular patterns
Adaptive: antigen–specific, clonal response, Memory, Lymphocytes use antigen–specific receptors that recognize specific epitopes |
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[Intro to Immunology]
What are PRRs? |
Pattern–recognition Receptors
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[Intro to Immunology]
What are PAMPs? |
Pathogen–associated Molecular Patterns
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[Intro to Immunology]
What are the Mechanical, Chemical, and Microbiological mechanisms of defense in the SKIN |
– Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions
– Flow of fluid, perspiration, sloughing off of skin – Sebum (fatty acids, lactic acid, lysozyme) – Antimicrobial peptides (defensins) – Normal flora |
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[Intro to Immunology]
What are the Mechanical, Chemical, and Microbiological mechanisms of defense in the GI tract |
– Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions
– Flow of fluid, mucus, food, saliva – acidity, enzymes (proteases) – Antimicrobial peptides (defensins) – Normal flora –vomit, diarrhea |
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[Intro to Immunology]
What are the Mechanical, Chemical, and Microbiological mechanisms of defense in the Respiratory Tract |
– Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions
– Flow of fluid, mucus, (cilia, air flow) – lysozyme in nasal secretions – Antimicrobial peptides (defensins) – Normal flora – cough, sneeze |
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[Intro to Immunology]
What are the Mechanical, Chemical, and Microbiological mechanisms of defense in the Urogenital Tract |
– Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions
– Flow of fluid, urine, mucus, sperm – Acidity in vaginal secretions, spermine & zinc in semen – Antimicrobial peptides (defensins) – Normal flora |
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[Intro to Immunology]
What are the Mechanical, Chemical, and Microbiological mechanisms of defense in the Eyes |
– Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions
– Flow of fluid, tears – lysozyme in tears – Antimicrobial peptides (defensins) – Normal flora |
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[Intro to Immunology]
Compare & contrast the innate immunity & adaptive immunity [think: summary table of differences] |
Innate: recognition, rapid response (hours), fixed spectrum, limited # of specificities, constant during response
Adaptive: recognition, slow response (days to wks), variable spectrum, numerous highly selective specificities, improves during response |
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[Intro to Immunology]
List the basic principles of the clonal selection mechanism of lymphocyte activations |
1. Lymphocytes clone with diverse receptors arise in generative lymphoid organs
2. Clones of mature lymphocytes specific for many antigens enter lymphoid tissues 3. antigen–specific clones are activated/selected by antigens 4. antigen specific immune responses occur |
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[Intro to Immunology]
Given, clonal selection, why do we still have infections? |
– The initial attack that bypasses the primary defense will trigger the adaptive the second defenses.
– These need to initially learn to identify the foreign substance which take time (1–3 wks). – Subsequent invasions will trigger a 2–3 day response instead due to memory cells |
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[Intro to Immunology]
Define immunologic memory |
long–lived lymphocyte clones that derive from contact with the antigen
virus inhaled/inoculated > innate/barrier defenses > virus attaches to cell > innate cellular defenses > "foreign" antigen presented to immune system > activation of naive lymphocyte > expansion & differentiation of lymphocytes > lymphocyte effector function > Memory |
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[Intro to Immunology]
Define specificities |
ensures that distinct antigens elicit responses that target those antigens
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[Intro to Immunology]
Define Diversity |
enables immune systems to respond to a large variety of antigens
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[Intro to Immunology]
Define Memory |
leads to rapid & enhanced responses to repeated exposures to the same antigens
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[Intro to Immunology]
Define Clonal Expansion |
increases the # of antigen–specific lymphocytes to keep pace with microbes
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[Intro to Immunology]
Define Specialization |
generates responses that are optimal for defense against different types of microbes
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[Intro to Immunology]
Define Contraction & Homeostasis |
allows immune systems to respond to newly encountered antigens
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[Intro to Immunology]
Define Non–reactivity to self |
prevents injury to the host during response to foreign antigens
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[Intro to Immunology]
Describe the difference between (graph) the primary & secondary immunologic response (think vaccination) |
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[Intro to Immunology]
Describe the purpose of a vaccine [think memory cells] |
vaccination is the induction of a primary response to an organism in order to allow the creation of Memory B cells, so that when you encounter the actual disease, it induces the faster, secondary response.
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[Intro to Immunology]
Compare & contrast antigen & antigenic determinant (epitope) |
– an antigen is an agent of infection/disease
– the epitope is the piece of the antigen that the lymphocytes' receptors recognize |
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[Components of the Immune System]
What are the primary immune organs |
where immune cells arise & mature
Thymus Bone Marrow |
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[Components of the Immune System]
What are the secondary immune organs |
Where immune cells get together to initiate adaptive immunity / released in an immune response
Lymph nodes, spleen, Waldeyer's Ring, lymphoid tissue, Peyer's Patch, MALT, Appendix |
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[Components of the Immune System]
Describe the thymus' involvement with T–Cells |
Cortex – residence of immature T–cells
Medulla – residence of mature T–cells with forming/displayed receptors. ~5% survive & are released |
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[Components of the Immune System]
Describe the Bone marrow's involvement with lymphocytes |
Formation of lymphocytes from stem cells
B–cells > create & mature in bone marrow into granulocytes & monocytes T–cells > created & relocated to the thymus (thymocytes) |
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[Components of the Immune System]
What are the two parts to the Waldeyer's Ring? |
Tonsils & adenoids |
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[Components of the Immune System]
Describe the shape & function of the lymph nodes |
– bean–shaped, encapsulated, vascularized, secondary lymphoid organs clustered in groups around lymphatic channels.
– B–cells located mostly in the primary lymphoid follicles – T–cells located mostly in the paracortical area |
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[Components of the Immune System]
Describe the Spleen in regards to the lymph system |
–secondary lymphoid organ |
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[Components of the Immune System] |
Mucosal–Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) – Respiratory, GI, urogenital |
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[Components of the Immune System] |
– A lymph follicle is a dense collection of lymphocytes, the number, size and configuration of which change in accordance with the functional state of the lymph node. |
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[Components of the Immune System]
List the four classes of cells of the immune system |
Lymphocytes
Antigen–presenting cells Inflammatory Cells Bridge Innate & Adaptive |
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[Components of the Immune System]
Describe the general function of the lymphocytes [under 4 classes of cells associated with the immune system] |
T–lymphocytes – regulators, helpers (for a proper B–cell antibody response, killers
B–lymphocytes – differentiate after encountering antigens into either a plasma cell or a memory cell |
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[Components of the Immune System]
Describe MHCs |
Major Histocompatibility Complex – display peptides for T–cell activation, are responsible for self / non–self distinctions
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[Components of the Immune System]
Describe CD molecules |
a nomenclature system for cell surface molecules
CD4 CD8 CD21 |
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[Components of the Immune System]
What is the primary function of CD4, CD8, & CD21 |
CD4 – Helper T–cell – Adhesion
CD8 – Killer T–Cell – Activation CD21 – B–Cell – Activation |
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[Components of the Immune System]
What are the antigen–presenting cells & why are they needed [under 4 classes of cells associated with the immune system] |
Dendritic Cells, Macrophages, B–Lymphocytes
T–cells need antigens presented on surface of another cell |
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[Components of the Immune System]
What are the types of Inflammatory Cells & their purpose [under 4 classes of cells associated with the immune system] |
Neutrophils – 40–60% of blood leukocytes –> phagocytize
Eosinophils – 1–3%, combat parasitic worms Basophils – 0–1%, mediate allergic rxs Mast Cells – ––– mediate allergic reactions others: epithelial, endothelial, platelets, lymphocytes, monocytes |
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[Components of the Immune System]
What are the cell types that bridge the innate & adaptive systems [under 4 classes of cells associated with the immune system] |
NK – Natural killer cell – kills tumors & virus infected cells
NKT – natural killer T–cell – recognize glycolipids gama–delta T–cells – recognize a range of molecular patterns |
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[Components of the Immune System]
Describe the general role of the MHC/HLA genes & proteins in the immune system |
displays peptides for the T–cell activation & are responsible for self / non–self distinctions
HLA = Human version of MHC |
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[Components of the Immune System]
Describe the term complement with regards to an immune response |
a system of plasma proteins & surface molecules that facilitate inflammation & can destroy pathogens |
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[Components of the Immune System]
Describe cytokines with regards to an immune response |
Intracellular communication molecules
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[Components of the Immune System]
Describe Immunoglobulin with regards to an immune response |
Immunoglobulins = antibody – antigen specific receptors on B–cell surface or secreted
–antigen binding, neutralization of microbial toxins, inhibiting attachment of microbes, opsonization, activate the protein–complement systems, protection of developing fetus |
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[Components of the Immune System]
Define opsonization |
facilitating phagocytosis = bind to surface of MOs, help phagocytic cell to phagocytize
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[Fates of a Cell]
1. Define Pathology & its significance in medicine |
Understanding the changes in cells helps us to recognize the disease process, to explain why patients present with certain symptoms to accurately diagnose normal & abnormal conditions in patients, & to adequately care for patients on a daily basis
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[Fates of a Cell]
2. Describe cellular adaptations & their relations to disease processes |
cellular adaptations adjust to new conditions/demands for optimal functioning, reversible |
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[Fates of a Cell]
2. Define Hypertrophy |
increase in the size of the cells
cause an increase in organ size |
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[Fates of a Cell]
2. Define Hyperplasia |
Increased # of cells in tissue & organs
cause an increase in organ size uncontrolled hyperplasia ~ cancer |
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[Fates of a Cell]
2. Define Atrophy |
decrease in cell size = decreased organ size
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[Fates of a Cell]
2. Define Ischemic Atrophy |
loss of oxygenated blood supply
always accompanies Hypoxia |
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[Fates of a Cell]
2. Define Hypoxia |
lack of oxygen
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[Fates of a Cell]
2. Define Nutritional Atrophy |
– less available nutrients than metabolically necessary = cell shrinkage/death |
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[Fates of a Cell]
2. Define Metaplasia |
one differentiated cell type is replaced by another
Squamous > columnar Columnar > squamous |
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[Fates of a Cell]
2. Define Dysplasia |
disordered growth
sometimes in metaplastic epithelium |
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[Fates of a Cell]
2. Carcinoma in Situ means? |
dysplasia but the basement membrane is intact = non–malignant
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[Fates of a Cell]
3.What are the 5 types of cellular adaptions (list) |
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia Atrophy Metaplasia Dysplasia |
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[Fates of a Cell]
3.What are the typical causes of cellular injury? |
Oxygen deprivation |
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[Fates of a Cell]
3.Cell Injury: describe oxygen deprivation |
–ischemia
–cardiopulmonary failure –Anemia / Carbon Monoxide / cyanide poisoning –Severe blood loss |
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[Fates of a Cell]
3.Cell Injury: Describe Chemical Agents & drugs |
–electrolyte imbalance
–oxygen toxicity –toxins, industrial chemicals –alcohol, recreational drugs, therapeutic drugs |
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[Fates of a Cell]
4. Describe cell death & the consequences |
Necrosis is denaturing of intracellular proteins, enzymatic digestion of lethally injured cells, no membrane integrity
– contents leak out, inflammation results Apoptosis = programmed cell death, plasma membrane remains intact |
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[Fates of a Cell]
What are the goals of cellular adaptation that reflect the dynamic ability of the cell to alter. |
Gene transcription & translation (g1,g2)
Synthesis of new DNA/chromosomes (S) Proliferation (M) |
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[Fates of a Cell]
What are the types of cells that undergo hypertrophy? |
* usually in non–dividing cells, no new cells, only increase in the size & # of intracellular components
Cardiac muscle, Skeletal Muscle, Pregnant Uterus |
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[Fates of a Cell]
Fluff: What are the two biochemical pathways by which a cell will undergo hypertrophy |
physiological = Phosphoinositide 3–kinase / Akt
pathological = signaling downstream of GPCRs |
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[Fates of a Cell]
What are the two stimuli causing cellular hypertophy |
increased workload = muscles
increased hormonal stimulation = pregnancy |
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[Fates of a Cell]
What are the two mechanism/stimuli for hyperplasia? |
increased growth factors
increased production of cells from tissue stem cells |
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[Fates of a Cell]
What are the types of pathologic hyperplasia? |
– hormonal = increase the functional capacity (pregnancy) |
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[Fates of a Cell]
What are the types of pathological hyperplasia? |
– excessive hormones & growth factors
endometrial hyperplasia & BPH – viral infections = HPV |
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[Fates of a Cell]
What are the two types of hyperplasia |
Controlled – no gene mutations, regression of hyperplasia if stimulation is removed
Uncontrolled – genetic aberrations occur, unrestrained proliferation, can become malignant |
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[Fates of a Cell]
Give examples of physiologic atrophy |
embryonic structures – notochord
postpartum uterus |
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[Fates of a Cell]
Give examples of pathologic atrophy |
Atrophy of disuse (use it or lose it)
Denervation atrophy (spinal cord injury) Ischemic atrophy ( loss of blood) nutritional atrophy (protein–calorie malnut.) Endocrine atrophy (menopause) Pressure atrophy (tourniquet) |
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[Fates of a Cell]
Define Marasmus & Cachexia |
marasmus – profound protein–calorie malnutrition |
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[Fates of a Cell]
Which atrophy is due to an overproduction of cytokine TNF |
nutritional atrophy – cachexia
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[Fates of a Cell]
Define cytokine TNF |
TNF = tumor necrosis factor
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[Fates of a Cell]
What are the mechanisms of atrophy |
–Decreased protein synthesis
–increased protein degradation –increased autophagy |
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[Fates of a Cell]
Describe autophagy |
starved cells eat their own components
–autophagic vacuoles or residual bodies |
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[Fates of a Cell]
What is known as brown atrophy? |
Lipofuscin granules |
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[Fates of a Cell]
Metaplasia: What is the cell type change in the respiratory tract due to smoking? |
Columnar change to Squamous cells to resist physical damage from smoking
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[Fates of a Cell]
Metaplasia: What is the cell type change in the esophagus due to GERD |
squamous epithelial cells change to columnar in the esophagus to resist chemical damage
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[Fates of a Cell]
What is barrets esophagus? |
the change in the esophagus from squamous cell to columnar to resist chemical damage |
