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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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[DS - Byproducts of Metabolism]
Interpret BUN lab results |
urea in the blood is measured by blood urea nitrogen (BUN) |
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[DS - Byproducts of Metabolism]
Describe the importance of the glutathione peroxidase system in neutralizing reactive oxygen species including the role of NADPH and the pentose phosphate pathway |
it neutralizes ROS by acting as a reducing agent in a process catalyzed by glutathione peroxidase. NADPH is an electron donor used to regenerate reduced glutathione which can then neutralize another molecule of peroxide. Pentose phosphate pathway is the ONLY pathway that can produce NADPH in red blood cells. |
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[DS - Byproducts of Metabolism]
Define the term methemoglobin and explain the roles of the glutathione peroxidase system and methemoglobin reductase in preventing it from forming and regenerating ferrous hemoglobin |
Methemoglobin is when the iron in heme is oxidized from its ferrous (Fe2+) to its ferric state (Fe3+). Methemoglobin reductase uses NADH to re–reduce the heme iron back into the ferrous state. |
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[DS - Byproducts of Metabolism]
Explain how bilirubin is eliminated and interpret bilirubin lab results |
Bilirubin will travel to the liver on albumin and once it's there, the liver will convert it to bilirubin diglucuronide via an enzyme called glucuronyl transferase. It will then be excreted in the bile. Bilirubin diglucuronide is called conjugated bilirubin because it has been conjugated to something else. Indirect bilirubin is not conjugated and if there is a problem with the bile duct then the excess bilirubin will go into the blood. |
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[DS - Byproducts of Metabolism]
Alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT and AST) |
Enzymes that are important for amino acid and nitrogen metabolism. Present at high concentrations in the liver. |
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[DS - Byproducts of Metabolism]
Alkaline phosphatase |
disorders affecting the bile duct can result in elevated serum levels of this enzyme |
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[DS - Byproducts of Metabolism]
Bilirubin (direct and indirect) |
if a bile duct is blocked then you will find bilirubin in the blood and indirect bilirubin would be elevated if you have a genetic defect in glucuronyl transferase or if the liver is damaged
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[DS - Byproducts of Metabolism]
Albumin |
albumin is produced by the liver, it will often be present at reduced amounts in patients with suboptimal liver function |
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Recall that acid is produced during metabolism andd that lactate and ketone production are not necessarily pathological. Describe the benefits of lactate and ketone production |
Cells that undergo anaerobic glycoloysis would not be able to get rid of pyruvate (product of glycoloysis) if they could not convert it to lactose - keytones are fuel for certain tissues(brain after prolonged fast) -liver produces ketones normally |
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Recall that amino acid catabolism generaltes ammonia and name the process through which ammonia is detoxified and eliminated. Name the organ in which this occurs |
Catabolism (breakdown of AA)-- ammonia--urea cycle (occurs in liver) through blood in kidneys |
