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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Soil |
Soil supports the vine and provides nutrients to it |
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The level of soil fertility will be influenced by |
-Soil texture -soil structure -Organic matter content -mineral content -availability of air & water -level of acidity / alkalinity |
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Vine grow best on soils with low fertility because |
-Restrict canopy growth -They are often stony & well-drained |
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Soil texture |
Soil texture is describe by the size of particles that make up a soil and their proportions relative to each other. 0 < clay < 0.002 < silt < 0.02 < fine sand < 0.2 < sand < 2 < gravel < 2+
Most soil consist of a mixture of particle sizes. Their proportion affect water holding capacity, soil warmth & availability of nutrients . Heavy soils hold more water due to their high clay or silt content. Lighter soils are more free-draining because they contain more sand & gravel 砂礫 |
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Clay soils |
Clay soil retain more moisture than others & they are made up of very small particle which hold water tightly on their surface. Clay also will hold more minerals. |
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Disadvantages of Clay soils |
-take longer to heat up in spring and tend to be colder all year round due to holding more water. -swell when absorb water & shrink when they dry which will cause severe cracking & lose water quickly. Cracking also damage root systems. -when clay becomes wet, it becomes very sticky -when wet clay soils are worked , their structure deteriorates 惡化
The mineral and water holding benefits of clay can benefit the vine best when there is also a proportion of large particles to aid 幫助 aeration & drainage |
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Loam soil （含有沙,黏土,有機物質的土) |
The texture of soil with ideal fertility is found in loam which is balanced mixture of clay, silt & sand. Loam combine the nutrients - holding abilities of clay with good drainage capabilities of sand . |
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Limestones ,soil type |
Limestones -is formed from the deposition of shells & skeletons 骨骼 of marine animals. Consists largely of Calcium carbonate and is usually alkaline and free-drainage . i.e central & eastern Loire, Piedmont, northern Spain, most of Burgundy and limestone coast zone in South Australia |
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Mineralization 礦化 |
Soil organisms rapidly break down sugars , starches , nitrogenous compounds & some cellulose |
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Humus 腐殖物 |
Remaining matter of mineralization is decomposed & form a black or brown mixture. |
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Beneficial effects of humus on the soil |
-maintain soil structure as it helps bind 凝固 the particles -retention of available nutrients -high water capacity -low plasticity 塑性 & cohesion 凝聚 - gradually release nutrients as humus slowly mineralize - darken the colour which help soil to absorb heat |
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Soil layers |
As the soil is formed, the different structural & textural types will form layers . |
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Water-holding capacity & drainage |
Water is essential in a fertile soil because it allows organisms to live & helps maintain its structure. Water is important for vine because it stops their cell wilting & providing nutrients from soil water. Vine need at least 500mm of water from precipitation or irrigation during growing season. Water-holding capacity of the soil , which is determined by its structure & humus content . |
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Aeration is essential in the soil because |
-Provide oxygen to aerobic organism & suppress harmful organisms -removes carbon dioxide and other waste gases formed by breakdown organic matters - provide roots with essential oxygen for respiration 呼吸 & growth Vine don't grow well on poor drainage soil as they are cooler & take longer to heat up in spring . Poor drainage also reduce the bearing capacity of a soil , causing problems when machinery passes |
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Chalk , soil type |
Chalk - is formed as same as limestones - has lower density -more free-drainage than limestones -very pure Chalk soils can be found in Champagne & Jerez |
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Other sedimentary rocks , soil type |
Dolomite 白雲石 -similar to limestone but with high level of magnesium 鎂 Sandstoen -made up of compressed sand particles Shale 頁岩 -sedimentary rock that was originally composed 組成 of clay and is quite soft. |
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Slate 板岩, soil type |
Slate - is shale rage has been altered by high pressure & temperature. Slate is harder & less porous 滲水 than shale and can be found in the Mosel wine region. |
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Granite 花崗岩，soil type |
-Igneous 火的 rock -is formed from solidified magma 凝固的岩漿 produced by Volcanoes - extremely hard & dense but still free-draining. Can be found Baden in Germany & northern Rhone valley |
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Volcanic rocks , soil type |
-are formed from lava 熔岩 on the surface -the most famous vineyard grown on volcanic rocks are Santorini & Madeira |
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Soil structure |
Soil structure is the way that the soil particles form lumps. It affects the availabilities of water & air to plants and the ability of fine feeding roots to penetrate the soil & exploit the essential plant nutrients supply. It is influenced by - organic matter - earthworms 蚯蚓 & other soil organisms - wetting & drying -freezing & thawing 融化 -presence of plant roots -cultivation and other soil management practices -texture -drainage -compaction |
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Aggregation 聚合物 |
Good soil structure is where the particles form stable crumbs of 1-5mm in diameter . For this to occur there must be high to moderate organic matter content (3%-10%) |
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Poor soil structure can lead |
-Capping or crusting where soil surface harden - pudding 泥漿 where water stays on the surface of crust & can cause extensive erosion 腐蝕 -sieving 滲透，where clay particles are carried along with water draining through the soil & deposited lower down, will form a layer that prevent drainage and aeration of the soil . |
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Organic content & soil organisms |
Organic matter in soil originates from plant, animal remains & animal excreta, broken down in the soil by beetles 甲蟲, mites, earthworms, fungi & bacteria. It is composed -sugar, starches , cellulose 纖維素 and nitrogenous 氮的 compounds. - lignin 木質素 & mineral matter |
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Soil Compaction 鬆緊度 |
Compaction of soil can lead to poor rain infiltration 滲透 (increase erosion腐蝕）and poor soil structure (reduce drainage, aeration & root penetration ) |
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Macronutrients & Micronutrients |
Soil nutrients are divided up into major or minor elements Major element consist of -Nitrogen (N) Major constituent of plant cell proteins, nucleic acids, chlorophyll and hormones. Second important for vine growth. -Phosphorus (P) 鏻 A key element in energy fixation 固定. Encourage root growth $ ripening process -Potassium (K) 鉀 - regulate the flow of water & sugar in the plant so encourage ripening -Calcium (Ca) Regulate cell acidity, important component of cell wall -Sulfur (s) Essential constituent of some amino acids 氨基酸 & enzymes 酶 - Magnesium (Mg)酶 Essential component of chlorophyll , regulate internal acidity , sugar metabolism. Encourage ripening.
Minor elements: Boron 硼 , manganese 錳, copper 銅, iron , molybdenum 鉬, zinc 鋅, cobalt 鈷, chlorine 氯& silicon 硅
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Fertile soil |
Fertile soil have a large amount of nitrogen. This encourage vigorous shoot growth which can shade the fruit . Vigorous growth also makes increased demands on the sugars produced by photosynthesis ( which means less sugar goes to the grape & ripening is slowed even more) |
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Effect of PH on nutrient availability |
Soil acidity is measured by the PH scale. This measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil solution. PH 4-6.9= acid PH 7=neutral PH 7.1-8.5 = alkaline Grape cannot tolerate soil PH below 5. Limestone-rich soils tend to have high PH which will increase the risk of chlorosis 痿黃病
Soil tend to become more acid due to release of organic acid when organic material breakdown |
