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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Women Studies
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2nd Wave Feminism
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ERA
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Equal Rights Amendment
Introduced in 1923 1940 “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.” Passed Congress in 1972 3 states short of ratifying in 1982 3 state strategy now employed |
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Feminism in the 1920s
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Women did not vote as a block
There was no such thing as the “woman’s vote” The struggle for suffrage no longer united disparate elements of the feminist movement Younger women were less interested in reform and more interested in rebelling against social conventions |
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Second Wave Feminism 1960-1982
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Historical Background: Social and Intellectual Unrest
Black Civil Rights movement Sociological changes in the family as middle-class women reenter the workplace Vietnam War Environmental concerns |
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Civil Rights Movement
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Anti-Lynching Work
1954 Brown v Board of Education Separate but equal facilities for races are not constitutional 1955 Rosa Parks Montgomery Bus Boycott MLK March on Washington Title VII of Civil Rights Act of 1964 Banned sex discrimination in employment along with race discrimination |
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Environment
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Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring published in 1962
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1963
“The problem that has no name” |
Friedan started National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966
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Movement Strategies
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Win reforms that will objectively improve women’s lives
Give women a sense of their own power Alter existing relations of power |
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Radical Feminism
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Believe that oppression is due to male control over female biology, especially reproductive rights.
Seeks to challenge patriarchy by rejecting standard gender roles and male oppression through reclaiming control over their bodies. Ex. Shulamith Firestone, Valerie Solanas |
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Separatist Feminism
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Rejects heterosexual relationship due to a belief that sexual disparities between women and men cannot be resolved.
Believe that men cannot be a part of the women’s movement. Ex. Chicago Lesbian Liberation and Cell 16. |
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Marxist Feminism
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Believe that capitalism is to blame for women’s oppression.
Historically saw women as “slaves,” because they weren’t paid for their domestic labor. Heavily influenced by the works of Marx and Engels. |
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Socialist Feminism
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Focuses on both the public and private spheres of a woman’s life.
Liberation by ending both economic and cultural sources of women’s oppression. Combines radical feminism (biology) and marxist feminism (capitalism). Ex. Emma Goldman |
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Existentialist Feminism
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Believe that women do not need to be dependent on male-female relationships.
Believe that men have constructed women as “others” to define meaning in their own lives. Often see both sides of the coin (ex. prostitution). Ex. Simone de Beauvoir, Mary Daly |
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Lesbian Feminism
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Result of dissatisfaction with women’s movement and gay movements of 70’s & 80’s.
Lesbianism as the logical result of feminism, much like separatist fems. Ex. Adrienne Rich, Charlotte Bunch |
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Ecofeminism
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Social and political movement which believes that a relationship exists between the oppression of women and the degradation of nature.
Also focus of intersectionality of gender, race, class, and environmental issues. Ex. Vendana Shiva |
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Womanism
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Link to 2nd &3rd wavers who felt that the feminist movement didn’t consider the lives of women of color.
Specifically refers to African-American feminism, but a lot of fems. identify with the term (including Amanda ). Coined by Alice Walker, author of The Color Purple -- “Womanist is to feminist as purple is to lavender.” |
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Third Wave
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1980-2011
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77 cents per man’s dollar
Glass ceilings/pink collar jobs The Second Shift, 70% of domestic work 16% of US Congress A woman is battered in the US every 15 seconds Globally, 1 in 3 women/girls beaten and sexually abused at some point in their lives Drug trials excluded women until mid-90s 80% of 4th graders on a diet |
Technology boom
WWW and personal computers Socially conservative Backlash against gains made by women’s, civil, LGBTQI, and other social movements “Individual responsibility” for problems Denial of larger social forces Birdcage Intersectionality of systems of oppressions |
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3rd wave
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In response to claims that feminism is dead or that we are living in a “post-feminist” world.
Girl Power Ideas about beauty Self-Esteem Empowerment |
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Rise of new feminist theories
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Womanism
Mainstream feminist movement ignores issues of race Black feminism doesn’t go far enough Women of color Multicultural Focuses on race, class, gender, etc Oppression can not be separated by identity Intersectionality of identity Unique experiences because of it |
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cont...
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Global or International
Impacts of colonialism, imperialism, nationhood Third World vs. First World Oppression across globe varies for women Postmodern Hard to categorize because it resists categorization Dissolve all binaries, “boxes”, encourages fluidity Language plays an important role in how we construct meaning Remember the existentialists? Against grand narratives |
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Rebecca Walker
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1992
“Becoming the Third Wave” in Ms Magazine Separate from post-feminists |
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bell hooks
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Gloria Jean Watkins
Professor, writer, activist |
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Gloria Anzaldua and Cherrie Moraga
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“This Bridge Called My Back” 1982
First anthology of feminist prose, poetry, theory and essays by women across the globe “I write to record what others erase when I speak, to rewrite the stories others have miswritten about me, about you.” |
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Riot Grrls
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Started early 90s in Pacific North West and DC
Challenged patriarchy in music industry, especially rock Shock displays at concerts Reclaiming derogatory words Sang about beauty, violence, queer issues, eating disorders, abuse, loosing abortion rights Was very angry, not pretty or nice that was the point, refused mainstream ways of doing things |
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Pop Culture
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A place of contradiction
Oppression And Resistance |
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Objectification
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Seeing the body as an object and separate from its context
Simone de Beauvoir 1949 The Second Sex Man as the subject Woman as the object “Other” |
