Writing 122

Front 1

Claim

Back 1

The communicators view, main point, conclusion, thesis about the subject

Front 2

Arguable claim

Back 2

1. probability of truth
2. not be generally accepted
as truth
3. be arguable on objective grounds.

Front 3

Reason

Back 3

Claim that supports another claim; often uses: because, since, therefore

Front 4

Evidence

Back 4

Supports reasons and claims.
Includes facts, statistics, authorities, true anedotes, scenarios, cases, text evidence. Also called "grounds"

Front 5

Facts

Back 5

Information that can be verified.

Front 6

Inference

Back 6

A conclusion we come to indirectly, based on specific evidence. Recognizing implications and drawing conclusions. forming ideas from the spoken or written word

Front 7

Judgement

Back 7

inference that expresses wither approval or disapproval.

Front 8

Assumptions

Back 8

Missing statements

Front 9

Fallacies

Back 9

flaws in logic, invalid arguments.

Front 10

Deductive reasoning

Back 10

Statements that provide strong support for a claim that is strong. Formal, watertight conclusions

Front 11

Inductive Reasoning

Back 11

From the particular to the general. Not every specific is known so claim is only probable.

Front 12

Dialectical Approach

Back 12

Looking at an issue from all sides. Investigating contradictions to resolve them.

Front 13

Counterargument

Back 13

Challenges that someone may have in reaction to an argument. Type of audience determines where to place it for most effectiveness.

Front 14

Counterargument strategies

Back 14

1.Acknowledgement
2.Refutiation (directly argue against, say No, thats wrong....
3Concession-recognize part of argument that is true or that you agree with, but....

Front 15

Structure of argument

Back 15

Classical structure
Delayed thesis

Front 16

Classical Structure

Back 16

introduction, presentation of writers position, summary and response to opposing views, conclusion. Patterned on right-wrong, win-lose

Front 17

delayed thesis(rogerian structure)

Back 17

investigates info
by building common ground, first, then presents writers position. Dialectical approach. Goal is win-win. Thesis comes later

Front 18

thesis

Back 18

Claim

Front 19

Unstated assumption

Back 19

missing statements that support the claim or reasoning. Assumptions can vary depending on how reader and writer, interpret.

Front 20

Fallacy

Back 20

flaw in logic,

Front 21

elements of an argument

Back 21

Claim, Reason, Evidence, Facts, Inference, Judgment; Assumptions, Fallacies, Deductive Reasoning, Inductive Reasoning, Dialectical Approach, Counterargument, Rebuttal

Front 22

Fallacy-Begging the question

Back 22

arguing that a statement is true by repeating claim in different words.

Front 23

Confusing chronology/causality

Back 23

Because one thing preceded another, the former caused the latter(because of this, this happened)

Front 24

Either/Or reasoning

Back 24

two sides to a question, and yours is the only correct one.

Front 25

equivocating

Back 25

Misleading with ambiguous word choices

Front 26

False Analogy

Back 26

Because one thing resembles another, conclusions from one also apply to the other

Front 27

Over-reliance on authority

Back 27

something is true simple because an expert said so, ignoring evidence to the contrary.

Front 28

Personal attack

Back 28

Demeaning proponents of a claim

Front 29

red Herring

Back 29

misdirect discussion by raising an essentially unrelated point.

Front 30

Slippery Slope

Back 30

Pretending that one thing inevitably leads to another

Front 31

Sob Story

Back 31

manipulating readers emotions to lead them to draw conclusions

Front 32

Straw man

Back 32

Directing the argument against a claim that nobody actually holds or that everyone agrees, is weak.

Front 33

Rhetoric

Back 33

1.Art of persuasion
2. Style
3. Arrangement and placement of ideas for an audience

Front 34

Communication triangle

Back 34

Writer
Subject
Reader

Front 35

Rhetorical Appeals

Back 35

Logic, Emotion, Ethics

Front 36

Logical Appeal

Back 36

Based on logic, evidence, facts (scientific writing, court decisions, grant writing, tech. writing

Front 37

Emotional appeal

Back 37

strat/appeal based on manipulating emotions of the audience (greeting cards, soap opera, requesting money for charity)

Front 38

Ethical Appeal

Back 38

strategies/appeals based on ethics, what is right and good.
(campaign ads and speeches, interviews, college admission essays)

Front 39

Audience Analysis

Back 39

Size of audience, Age, gender and Occupation, Business, Professional group, Primary interests and desires, Age, gender, occupation, Knowledge or prior experience with topic. Degree of resistance to your position.