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178 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hitchhike |
مفتي سوار ماشين شدن اوتو استاپ زدن to travel to places by getting free rides from drivers of passing cars |
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Wilderness |
طبيعت دست نخورده ، بيابان، a large area of land that has never been developed or farmed: the Alaskan wilderness 2. a place that seems no longer used or cared for by anyone: |
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Canoe |
زورق باريك، بلم، قايق a long light boat that is pointed at both ends and which you move along using a ↑paddle ⇨ paddle your own canoe at |
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String |
نخ محكم، ريسمان
THREAD [uncountable and countable] a strong thread made of several threads twisted together, used for tying or fastening things ⇨ rope: رشته GROUP/SERIES [countable] a) a number of similar things or events coming one after another SYN series |
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Coherence |
همبستگس، همخواني، سازگاري، پيوستگي |
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Chunk |
تكه، قطعه، قطعه اي بزرگ a large thick piece of something that does not have an even shape: |
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Bronchial |
وابسته به ناي، نايژه اي Bronchial troubles |
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Hypocrisy |
دو رويي |
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Appease |
دلجويي كردن فرو نشاندن make someone less angry or stop them from attacking you by giving them what they want:
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Lukewarm |
كم اشتياق ولرم، نيم گرم food, liquid etc that is lukewarm is slightly warm and often not as hot or cold as it should be SYN tepid: She sipped some lukewarm coffee from her mug. 2. not showing much interest or excitement: His idea got only a lukewarm response from the |
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Staggering |
سريام آور، گيج كننده extremely great or surprising SYN amazing: Extraordinary Unbelievable |
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Insidious |
خائنانه، فريبكارانه، an insidious change or problem spreads gradually without being noticed, and causes serious harm: |
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Inebriate Inebriated |
مست کردن مست |
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Nevertheless |
با این وجود |
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Contention |
رقابت |
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Point of contention |
مانع سر راه The thing that people are arguing over
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Contention |
1. [countable] formal a strong opinion that someone expresses sb’s contention that Her main contention is that doctors should do more to encourage healthy eating. 2. [uncountable] formal argument and disagreement between people source/area/point of contention The issue of hunting is a source of contention. ⇨ bone of contention at ↑bone1(5) 3. in contention having a chance of winning something: Owen’s goal kept England in contention. 4. out of contention no longer having a chance of |
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Pulmonary Pulmonary diseases |
ریوی-وابسته به ریه بیماری های ریوی This is Formal in writing , NOT “lung diseases” |
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Teenager |
Between13-19 years old Adolescent |
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Adolescent |
a young person, usually between the ages of 12 and 18, who is developing into an adult Teenager |
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Dismay |
Fear ترس بیم |
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Discourse |
گفتمان |
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Elevate |
بالا بردن، ترفيع دادن، بهتر كردن move someone or something to a more important level or rank, or make them better than before SYN raise: Language has elevated humans above the other animals. elevate somebody/something to something Their purpose is to elevate AIDS to the top of government priorities. 2. technical to lift so |
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Pastime |
سرگرمي |
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Household |
خانوار خانواده all the people who live together in one house SYN house: household2 BrE AmE adjective [only before noun] 1. relating to looking after a house and the people in it SYN domestic |
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Futile |
بیهوده، بیثمر actions that are futile are useless because they have no chance of being successful SYN pointless OPP worthwhile |
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Din |
صداي همهمه يا غوغا Din of civilazation |
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Canoe(n,v) |
قايق با قايق رفتن |
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Drift |
o move slowly on water or in the air to move, change, or do something without any plan or purpose |
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Tumble * |
to fall down quickly and suddenly, especially with a rolling movement to move in an uncontrolled way f prices or figures tumble, they go down suddenly and by a large amount: Oil prices have tumbled. |
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Snuggle |
to settle into a warm comfortable position جاي گرم و نرم جستن به اغوش كسي پناه اوردن
Snuggle down into feather-stuffed chairs |
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Feather |
پر از پر پوشيده شدن پردراوردن |
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Myriad |
Very many بسيار، فراوان، ده ها هزار |
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Stunt |
جلو پيشرفت را گرفتن هنر نمايي، كار نمايشي ، تردستي اجرا كردن to stop something or someone from growing to their full size or developing properly: |
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Tulip
Daffodil
Dandelion |
گل لاله گل نرگس قاصدك |
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Lodge |
كلبه، هتل، جايي گير كردن، در خود جا دادن to make a formal or official complaint, protest etc omething become stuck OPP dislodge
to put something important in an official place so that it is safe lodge something with somebody 1. a small house on the land of a large country house, usually at the main entrance gate 2. a room or small building at the entrance to a college, institution etc for someone whose job is to watch who enters and leaves: the porter’s lodge 3. a house or hotel in the country or mountains where people can stay when they want to go hunting, shooting etc |
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Lounge |
دراز كشيدن ،لم دادن، استراحتگاه |
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Astray * |
گمراه,منحرف شده,گمراه كردن o be lost or stolen: The letter had gone astray in the post. b) if a plan or action goes astray, it goes wrong: The best-laid plans can go astray. 2. lead somebody astray a) to encourage someone to do bad or illegal things that they would not normally do: The older boys led him astray. b) to make someone believe something that is not true: |
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Irrigate Irrigation * |
آبياري كردن آبياري |
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Lodge |
كلبه، هتل، جايي گير كردن، در خود جا دادن to make a formal or official complaint, protest etc omething become stuck OPP dislodge
to put something important in an official place so that it is safe lodge something with somebody 1. a small house on the land of a large country house, usually at the main entrance gate 2. a room or small building at the entrance to a college, institution etc for someone whose job is to watch who enters and leaves: the porter’s lodge 3. a house or hotel in the country or mountains where people can stay when they want to go hunting, shooting etc |
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Lounge |
دراز كشيدن ،لم دادن، استراحتگاه |
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Astray |
گمراه,منحرف شده,گمراه كردن o be lost or stolen: The letter had gone astray in the post. b) if a plan or action goes astray, it goes wrong: The best-laid plans can go astray. 2. lead somebody astray a) to encourage someone to do bad or illegal things that they would not normally do: The older boys led him astray. b) to make someone believe something that is not true: |
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Irrigate Irrigation |
آبياري كردن آبياري |
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Inasmuch as |
زيرا، آنقدر كه used to explain the way in which what you are saying is true: |
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Whereas |
used to say that although something is true of one thing, it is not true of another: used at the beginning of an official document to mean ‘because of a particular fact’ نظر به اينكه،از آنجا كه درحالي كه، از سوي ديگر |
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Detrimental |
causing harm or damage SYN harmful, damaging |
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Noteworthy |
جالب توجه It is also noteworthy that |
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Downside |
the negative part or disadvantage of something OPP upside:
It has various downsides |
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غریب |
Strange Exotic Unfamiliar Unknown
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Affluent |
توانگر، ثروتمند، دارای سطح زندگی بالا Affluent families |
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Curriculum |
the subjects comprising a course of study in a school or college. |
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Get accustomed |
T |
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Custom |
] something that is done by people in a particular society because it is traditional ⇨ tradition local/ancient/French etc custom The guide offers information on local customs. it is the custom (for somebody) to do something It’s the custom for the bride’s father to pay for the wedding. the custom of doing something The custom of naming women after flowers is becoming less common. 2. [singular] formal something that you usually do every day, or in a particular situation SYN habit: He awoke early, as was his custom. 3. customs [plural] a) the place where your bags are checked for illegal goods when you go into a country ⇨ immigration: |
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Divergance |
متفاوت ناهمگون People have divergent attitudes towards ..... |
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People are glued to their cellphone and tablets |
T |
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As a case in point, |
For example |
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Has enriched our lives in many ways |
T |
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Traffic congestion in many cities around the world is sever |
T |
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Deed |
عمل something someone does, especially something that is very good or very bad: |
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Nevertheless, there are some drawbacks to such a deed |
T |
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Impose heavy taxes |
T |
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This essay will shed more light on these two viewpoints |
T |
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Diverge |
1. if similar things diverge, they develop in different ways and so are no longer similar: The two species diverged millions of years ago. Global growth rates are diverging markedly. 2. if opinions, interests etc diverge, they are different from each other |
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I am of the opinion of that.... |
.... |
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Burdensome |
causing problems or additional work: کمرشکن خسته کننده These charges are particularly burdensome for poor |
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Oblige |
if you are obliged to do something, you have to do it because the situation, the law, a duty etc makes it necessary oblige somebody to do something The minister was obliged to report at least once every six months. Circumstances had obliged him to sell the business. feel obliged to do something (=fe |
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Compulsory |
something that is compulsory must be done because it is the law or because someone in authority orders you to ⇨ voluntary |
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Against their will |
بر خلاف علاقه شان |
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Continues to grow |
Increase (Replace) |
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Protective ozone layer |
T |
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Wind, water, or solar power |
T |
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Detrimental |
causing harm or damage SYN harmful, damaging |
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Recuperate |
to get better again after an illness or injury SYN recover
Recuperate and restore our bodies |
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Eyelids |
piece of skin that covers your eye when it is closed پلک |
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Perpetuate |
to make a situation, attitude etc, especially a bad one, continue to exist for a long time:
تداوم بخشیدن، زنده نگه داشتن مخصوصا مسایل بد |
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From people’s perspective |
T |
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Aforementioned |
mentioned before in an earlier part of a document, article, book etc: |
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Aforementioned |
mentioned before in an earlier part of a document, article, book etc: |
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Despite aforementioned disadvantages |
T |
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Imperative |
extremely important and needing to be done or dealt with immediately: |
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Contentious |
causing a lot of argument and disagreement between people SYN controversial |
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Predominant |
more powerful, more common, or more easily noticed than others: the predominant group in society In this painting, the predominant colour is black. |
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Paramount * |
more important than anything else: |
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Impartial * |
not involved in a particular situation, and therefore able to give a fair opinion or piece of advice SYN fair OPP biased: |
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Misogyny Misogynist * |
تنفر از زنان کسی که از زنان متنفر است |
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Preposterous |
completely unreasonable or silly SYN absurd: |
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.... is a recipe for disaster |
... |
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Conspiracy |
1. a secret plan made by two or more people to do something that is harmful or illegal ⇨ conspire conspiracy to do something He was charged with conspiracy to commit criminal damage. conspiracy against a conspiracy against the government There were many conspiracy theories (=beliefs that something is the result of a conspiracy) surrounding Princess Diana’s death. 2. conspiracy of silence an agreement not to talk about something, even though it should not be a secret: There’s often a conspiracy of silence surrounding bullying in schools. |
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Some do not believe these arguments stand up to scrutiny |
Replace for How ever some others believe that In second paragraph of discuss both views |
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On the planet |
T |
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Vegetarianism |
T |
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Mortality |
T |
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Lifespan |
Shortened lifespan |
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Detrimental |
T |
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Aptitude |
استعداد شایستگی 1. natural ability or skill, especially in learning aptitude for He has a natural aptitude for teaching. 2. aptitude test a test that measures your natural skills or abilities |
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Confine |
مرز محدودیت . LIMIT to keep someone or something within the limits of a particular activity or subject SYN restrict KEEP SOMEBODY IN A PLACE to keep someone in a place that they cannot leave, such as a prison confine somebody to something Any soldier who leaves his post will be confined to barracks (=made to stay in the barracks). be confined in something He was allegedly confined in a narrow dark room for two months. 3. STOP SOMETHING SPREADING to stop something bad from spreading to another place |
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Diminish |
intransitive and transitive] to become or make something become smaller or less SYN reduce: The party’s share of the electorate has diminished steadily. These drugs diminish blood flow to the brain. 2. [transitive] to deliberately make someone or something appear less important or valuable than they really are: Don’t let him diminish your achievements. But that’s not to diminish the importance of his
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Exquisite |
Exquisite point extremely beautiful and very delicately made: the most exquisite craftsmanship 2. very sensitive and delicate in the way you behave or do things: She has exquisite taste in art. 3. literary exquisite pain or pleasure is felt very |
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Independent traveler * |
Taken literally, independent travel means any trip that you organise by yourself – booking your own accommodation, transport and itinerary as opposed to going somewhere as part of a holiday package.Sep 9, 2015 |
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Long-haul flight |
Route category lengths tend to define short-haul routes as being shorter than 600–800 nmi (1,100–1,500 km), long-haul as being longer than 2,200–2,600 nmi (4,100–4,800 km), and medium-haul as being in-between. |
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Culture shock |
1-eating habits 2- language barriers 3- social conventions (ceremonies) |
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Palm-fringed beach |
T |
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Palm-fringed beach |
T |
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Eco-tourism holiday All-inclusive holiday |
T |
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Excursion |
short journey arranged so that a group of people can visit a place, especially while they are on holiday excursion to Included in the tour is an excursion to the Grand Canyon. on an excursion We went on an excursion to the Pyramids. 2. a short journey made for a particular purpose SYN trip: |
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Acquit |
تبرئه کردن |
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Environmental degeneration |
T |
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Clearing huge areas of forests |
T |
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Industrial waste |
T |
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Indispensable |
someone or something that is indispensable is so important or useful that it is impossible to manage without them SYN essential indispensable to This book is indispensable to anyone interested in space exploration. indispensable for/in (doing) something Meat is not indispensable for maintaining a healthy diet. Mobile phones have become an indispensable part of our lives. |
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Personality development |
T |
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Role model |
Parents for children |
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Go stray Stray
To go stray when they grow up |
to move away from the place you should be stray into/onto/from Three of the soldiers strayed into enemy territory. 2. to begin to deal with or think about a different subject from the main one, without intending to stray into/onto/from We’re straying into ethnic issues here. This meeting is beginning to stray from the point. 3. if your eyes stray, you begin to look at something else, usually without intending to stray to/back/over etc Her eyes strayed to the clock. 4. to start doing something that is wrong or immoral, when usually you do not do this II. stray2 BrE AmE adjective [only before noun] 1. a stray animal, such as a dog or cat, is lost or has no home 2. accidentally separated from other things of the same |
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Microcosm |
a small group, society, or place that has the same qualities as a much larger one ⇨ macrocosm |
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Microcosm |
a small group, society, or place that has the same qualities as a much larger one ⇨ macrocosm |
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The school is microcosm of a universe |
T |
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Instill |
o teach someone to think, behave, or feel in a particular way over a period of time instil confidence/fear/discipline etc into somebody A manager’s job is to instil determination into his players. قطره قطره اموزش دادن ذره ذره وارد کردن/یاد دادن |
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Social commitment Moral development |
T |
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Social skills Social responsibility Well-behaving |
Learn by parents or schools |
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Children learn family value unconsciously Bringing up good citizens Students are Learning in schools Cooperation and compromise |
T |
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Impressionable |
someone who is impressionable is easily influenced, especially because they are young: The kids are at an impressionable age. |
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Indelible |
1. impossible to remove or forget SYN permanent: Her words left an indelible impression on me for years to come. 2. indelible ink/pencil/marker etc ink etc that makes a permanent mark which cannot be removed —indelibly adverb: a moment indelibly imprinted on my mind |
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Tremendous respect |
T |
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To conclude, several factors contribute to the alarming increase of crimes all over the world |
T |
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Introduction: there is no denying the fact that .... |
T |
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Gender equality |
Gender equality, equality between men and women, entails the concept that all human beings, both men and women, are free to develop their personal abilities and make choices without the limitations set by stereotypes, rigid gender roles and prejudices. Gender equality means that the different behaviour, aspirations and needs of women and men are considered, valued and favoured equally. It does not mean that women and men have to become the same, but that their rights, responsibilities and opportunities will not depend on whether they are born male or female. Gender equity means fairness of treatment for women and men, according to their respective needs. This may include equal treatment or treatment that is different but which is considered equivalent in terms of rights, benefits, obligations and opportunities. |
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Gender equality |
Gender equality, equality between men and women, entails the concept that all human beings, both men and women, are free to develop their personal abilities and make choices without the limitations set by stereotypes, rigid gender roles and prejudices. Gender equality means that the different behaviour, aspirations and needs of women and men are considered, valued and favoured equally. It does not mean that women and men have to become the same, but that their rights, responsibilities and opportunities will not depend on whether they are born male or female. Gender equity means fairness of treatment for women and men, according to their respective needs. This may include equal treatment or treatment that is different but which is considered equivalent in terms of rights, benefits, obligations and opportunities. |
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Gender neutrality |
Gender neutrality (adjective form: gender-neutral), also known as gender-neutralism or the gender neutrality movement, describes the idea that policies, language, and other social institutions should avoid distinguishing roles according to people's sex or gender, in order to avoid discrimination arising from the impression that there are social roles for which one gender is more suited than another. |
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In this age of globalization, most schools encourage their students to become proficient in some foreign language |
Hook |
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In this age of globalization, most schools encourage their students to become proficient in some foreign language |
Hook |
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To conclude, in my view, learning a foreign language is the need of the hour |
Conclusion |
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In this age of globalization, most schools encourage their students to become proficient in some foreign language |
Hook |
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To conclude, in my view, learning a foreign language is the need of the hour |
Conclusion |
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Cognitive gaps |
From time to time, movement is blocked by the perception of a cognitive gap – a situation that the person is unable to make sense of. To bridge this gap, the person seeks information to make new sense and uses the information to help her continue her journey. |
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Fanaticism |
extreme political or religious beliefs – used to show disapproval SYN extremism: The bombing symbolizes the worst of religious fanaticism. |
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In the face of high speed change |
T |
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Illusion |
an idea or opinion that is wrong, especially about yourself ⇨ delusion illusion that They suffer from the illusion that they cannot solve their problems. She was under no illusion that he loved her. It is an illusion that the Arctic is dark in winter. She had no illusions about her physical attractiveness. ‘I hate to shatter your illusions,’ he said. 2. something that seems to be different from the way it really is illusion of He was unlikely to be satisfied with the illusion of power. give/create an illusion The mirrors in the room gave an illusion of greater space. Credit creates the illusion that you can own things without paying for them. ⇨ ↑optical illusion |
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Illusion |
an idea or opinion that is wrong, especially about yourself ⇨ delusion illusion that They suffer from the illusion that they cannot solve their problems. She was under no illusion that he loved her. It is an illusion that the Arctic is dark in winter. She had no illusions about her physical attractiveness. ‘I hate to shatter your illusions,’ he said. 2. something that seems to be different from the way it really is illusion of He was unlikely to be satisfied with the illusion of power. give/create an illusion The mirrors in the room gave an illusion of greater space. Credit creates the illusion that you can own things without paying for them. ⇨ ↑optical illusion |
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Indispensable |
in‧di‧spen‧sa‧ble /ˌɪndɪˈspensəbəl◂/ BrE AmE adjective someone or something that is indispensable is so important or useful that it is impossible to manage without them SYN essential indispensable to This book is indispensable to anyone interested in space exploration. indispensable for/in (doing) something Meat is not indispensable for maintaining a healthy diet. Mobile phones have bec |
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Anorexia |
a mental illness that makes someone stop eating کم اشتهایی |
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Conversly |
Like”on the other hand” used when one situation is the opposite of another: American consumers prefer white eggs; conversely, British buyers like brown eggs. |
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Come out of your comfort zone |
T |
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Come out of your comfort zone |
T |
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Devastating implication |
Negative effects |
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Reprimand |
توبیخ |
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Innate talent |
استعداد ذاتی Syn: inborn talent |
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Aptitude |
استعداد |
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Syllabus |
a plan that states exactly what students at a school or college should learn in a particular subject ⇨ curriculum |
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Education for children Being out their hidden talents |
T |
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Die to advancement in healthcare ... |
Hook |
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Increasing life spans |
T |
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Life expectancy is increasing |
1- olds are not productive 2- financial pressure on government exchequer 3- less jobs for Youngers 4-not healthy and happy lives because of age 5- |
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Generation gap |
T |
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Carefree and casual attitude |
T |
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Youngers : Self-centred > divorcees Eating habit( fast-foods) Entrepreneurial (risk takers)
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T |
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Decent salary > well-being , confidence , social standing
Job satisfaction, sense of achievement ,
Stress Less time with family Risks |
T |
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Parents are the first and foremost influence on any child. |
Hook |
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Ready food |
Hook: the modern lifestyle and hectic schedule are encouraging people to consume...... Convenience Cheaper Variety of tastes
——
Full if calories Have additive substances Innutritious
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Working mother and juvenile delinquency |
Avoidance Educate
Uneven distribution of wealth Lack of education Society |
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Use too much computer |
-health (sedentary ) -education will suffer
-skills for jobs -help with their study( well updated knowledge) - |
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Advertising |
Inform customers Make the outdoor environments and magazines beautiful Newspapers and tvs wont survive without the money coming from ads Finding jobs, selling homes, |
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Coeducation |
Get to know each other Same abilities Healthy attitude of life
Sexual deviation Focus(mischief ) بازیگوشی |
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Segregated schools |
T |
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International car-free days |
Awareness Less fossil fuels
Public transportation Other factories that emit green gases
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This tendency is likely to be profitable |
Topic sentence |
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The idea of providing ....... has become quite fashionable |
Hook |
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Nevertheless, there appear to be potential shortcomings stemming from this trend. |
Topic sentence 2 |
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It is unquestionable that there are several benefits of.... However, .... could cause various disadvantages for .... |
Advantages disadvantages |
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It is natural that both genders(sexes) possess distinct features |
Hook |
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Women now compete and cooperate with men in almost all walks of life and they have proved their abilities, too. |
Hook |
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Women and men |
Battle of the sexes( power struggle)
Agree -1 physical characteristics 2- mental characteristics Disagree-1 no sex discrimination 2- with current educations and freedom now women are more versatile and decision makers And men are more patient and accurate Which make them both appropriate for majority of jobs they have not had before
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Education plays a crucial role in ensuring the success of a person. It is Thought that studying at university is everyone’s right and all tuition should be fully paid by government(authorities) . ——- It us believed that higher education |
-1 increasing number of students( lack of jobs, and low quality teachers) 2- high costs for governments( so bankruptcy or imposing more taxes) 3- less people to do manual jobs
1- society benefits fro more well-educated citizens 2- equal opportunities 3-avoid private institution to exploit students by charging hefty fee |
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Contentment Writing task 1 In spite of contentment |
the state of being happy and satisfied OPP discontent: |
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Stale |
Not fresh Bread and salad were stale |
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Abdominal discomfort Meat was tough and undercooked or overcooked |
Writing task 1 |
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Taking into consideration above said |
Recommendation in task 1 |
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I am writing in connection with a ... |
Task 1 introduction |
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I am writing to you to express my appreciation Basically, .... happened I hope my letter highlights to you the excellent employee skills Ms. ,,,, I will again try your service and recommend it to ... |
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