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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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An agreement between 2 nations to militarily support one another
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alliance
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An agreement between 2 nations not known to other nations, to militarily support one another
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secret alliance
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the two secret alliances
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triple entente, and triple alliance
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triple entente
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france, britain, russia
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triple alliance
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germany, austria-hungary, italy
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What factors caused nations to prepare for war?
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secret alliances, nationalism, militarism, imperialism
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love for one's country rather than native region Often leads to intense feelings of patriatism and belief that your country is better than others.
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nationalism
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Glorification of armed strength. European countries believed they could get what they wanted by having a strong army, so throughout the later 1800's/early 1900's they built up their strength.
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militarism
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The build of overseas colonies will lead to neccessary defense and englarged economics, allowing for the continued spending on military.
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imperialism
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What group planned to kill Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
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The Black Hand
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Who killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand and how?
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19 year old Gavrilo Princip shot him and his wife
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What did austria-hungary do when Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed?
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Made an ultimatum to Serbia
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Did Serbia accept the ultimatum, what happened?
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no, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.
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What's an ultimatum?
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if demands are not met, harmful action will follow
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Who declared war on who?
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Austria-Hungary on Serbia, Russia on Austria-Hungary, Germany on Russia, Germany on France, Great Britain on Germany
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The new alliances
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central powers and allied powers
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central powers
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germany, austria-hungary, ottoman empire, bulgaria
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allied powers
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great britain, grance, russia, italy, USA
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advantages of central powers
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1) germany's well trained and well-equpiped army
2) controlled territory from the north sea to the middle east |
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advantages of allied powers
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1) more soldiers
2) greater industrial capacity 3) great britain's navy - blockade the central powers -get food and raw materials to the allies |
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innovations in warfare
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U-boats, machine guns, poison gas, airplanes, tanks
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U-boats
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used by germans against allies
hard to detect sunk military and civilian ships used Convoy system to stop u-boats from sinking cargo ships |
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cargo system
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cargo ship surrounded by military ships that could detect or take fire from u-boats
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machine guns
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more firepower than rifles
fire faster and w/o interruption extremely deadly fired by one man a team needed to load and move it |
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poison gas
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choked, blinded, disoriented, and/or killed men
problem: if the wind changed direction you sent poison gas on yourself used masks for protection |
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airplanes
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not fast or easy to maneuver
main job: find enemy could drop bombs our windows or hold in bottom of plane |
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when airplanes engage in battle
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dogfight
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skilled dogfighters (pilots)
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aces
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Who is most famous dogfigher, how many planes did they shoot down?
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The Red Baron (Germany) - shot down 80 planes
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tanks
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introduced by great britain in france in 1916
run on treads - easier to move over terrain could drive through barbed wire had machine guns attached problem: if disabled easy to kill men inside |
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deep ditches from which soldiers fought
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trenches
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a slow wearing down process in which each side was trying to outlast the other
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war of attrition
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where neither side can gain any ground
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stalemate
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What lead to War of Attrition?
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new technology and old military strategies
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What was bad about russian gov?
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not enough fod, guns, roads for troops
inefficient gov and porr military leadership made russian losses enormous |
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What was russian gov?
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duma (elected legislative bod) and czar (king)
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What happened between duma and the czar?
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duma demanded chagne but czar Nicholas said no, so people and army supported duma and czar and family were imprisoned and eventually killed
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political councils in new russian gov
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soviets
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two factors controlling soviets
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mensheviks and bolsheviks
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mensheviks
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moderate political group
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bolsheviks
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radical political group
led by Vladimir Lenin Lenin demanded all power be turned to soviets slogan: "peace, bread, and land" Lenin though Karl Marx's communism idea might not work so trained russian workers to be professional revolutionary force |
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What happened during the October Revolution, and when?
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Nov. 7,1917 - Bolsheviks took control of the gov
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what did bolsheviks rename themselves and when?
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in 1918 - communists
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Who did lenin's new gov sign treaty with?
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russia to get them out of the war - russia fave up a lot of land to germany
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What happened after russian got out of the war?
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A civil war exploded b/c opponents to communism formed White Army and communists formed Red Army
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How long was the civil war in russian and what happened?
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3 years - red army (communists) won (1921)
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What happened after the communists won the civil war in russia?
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renamed russia the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or Soviet Union (USSR)
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How was the US involved before they entered the war, when was this?
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neutral from 1914-1917
traded w/ allied powers and central powers until british blockade made central powers trade hard american ships often carried contraband |
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war materials supplied by a neutral nation to a belligerent (enemy) one
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contraband
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What developments led the US into WWI?
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Zimmermann Telegram
Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare Russia dropped out of WWI |
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Zimmermann Telegram
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Arhtur Zimmermann (german foreign minister) wrote telegram to Mexico
said: they'd help mexico regain TX, AZ, and NM if mexico joined germany's side and attacked the US |
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How did the us find out about the Zimmermann Telegram?
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British intercepted it and US was enraged
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what was the "war zone" around britain
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where german submarines were - man yamerican ships, cargo, and lives were lost
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How was the US effected when Russia dropped out of WWI?
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then all allied powers were democracies (none of central powers were) and US wanted to support democratic ideals
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What is the Treaty of Versailles?
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the peace treaty Germany signed that officially ended WWI
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The terms of treaty of verailles
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dealt harshly with germany
didn't follow 14 points germany took all responsibility for starting WWI germany lost territory restrictions placed on german gov. formed the League of Nations |
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Downfall of treaty of versailles?
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the allies don't have the powers to enforce it
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What german territory was lost?
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alsace-lorraine returned to france
belgium gained territory along its german border poland made independant nation |
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How was poland able to make an independant nation?
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they were given the Polish Corridor which game poland access to the sea and separated East Prussia from Germany
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What restrictions were place on Germany?
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-abolish military draft
-standing army of only 100,000 -not allowed to manufacture heavy artillery, tanks, or military airplanes -no submarines in navy (only a few warships) -can't fortify the Rhineland |
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2 aims of the League of Nations
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-promote international cooperation
-keep peace by settling disputes & reducing armaments (weapons) |
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The 3 main businesses conducting League nations
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assembly, council, secsetariat
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assembly of the league of nations
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-composed of representatives of all member nations
-each nation had one vote |
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council of the league of nations
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-main peacekeeping body
-9 members (later 14) -5 permanent members (great britain, france, italy, USA, and Japan) |
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secsetariat of league of nations
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elected leader/spokesperson for the league of nations
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What was closely related to the League of Nations, but separate?
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World Court
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What did the World Court do?
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It determined cases involving international law.
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