World War 2 And Beyond

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1920’s

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United States becomes somewhat isolated during this time due to the fact that they choose not to become part of the League of Nations. Also possibly due to the United States geographical location. Started to slide down the hill that eventually led to the great depression. KKK was reborn

Front 2

Jazz Age

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Radio makes it possible for more people to listen to same music and Jazz/Baseball become very popular

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Prohibition

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Volstead Act enforced the 18th Amendment of prohibition of alcohol. Organized crime started smuggling alcohol. Speakeasies sprung up in almost every town.

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Organized Crime

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The development of profitable markets of illegal goods and services by large groups or organizations.

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Rebirth of KKK

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At Stone Mountain, Georgia the KKK is started again to target blacks, Jews, Catholics, immigrants. Women joined and the group also had spread to the North. Massive parades were held across U.S. and in Washington D.C. The movie “Birth of a Nation” helped increase membership in the KKK. Person in charge was having an affair and people thought he was a hypocrite. KKK eventually would die down.

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Warren G. Harding

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After WWI promised to return the US to “normalcy”. 29th president, he won in the largest popular vote landslide ever. He rejected the idea of the League of Nations and signed a separate piece treaty with German and Austria formally ending WWI. Died suddenly in 1923 was succeeded by Vice President Calvin Coolage.

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Teapot Dome Scandal

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A Bribary incident that took place when Harding was President. “Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome and other locations to private oil companies, without competitive bidding, at low rates. In 1922 and 1923, the leases became the subject of a sensational investigation by Senator Thomas J. Walsh. Fall would later be convicted of accepting bribes from the oil companies.”

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Calvin Coolidge

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30th President, made people feel better about the government which they were starting to doubt due to all the scandals. Was an advocate for the middle class. Was criticized along with the rest of the government at the time for his Liassez Fair policy.

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Laissez Faire

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An economic theory that became popular in the 18th century that strongly apposed the government interfering or interfering in business affairs. In french it means “leave alone”.

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Automobiles

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Model 1-T ford is mass-produced making it more affordable. Automobiles allows for the creation of suburbs- people didn’t need to live in the cities by the factories.

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Credit

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People bought things on credit with little money down. Very little checking up on people’s ability to pay. When people lose their jobs and can’t pay debts- banks+businesses lose money

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Flappers

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women that were much more liberals who would party with social attitudes.

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Speakeasies

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Illegal underground bars that served alcohol during Prohibition

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Harlem Rennaissance

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A cultural movement that started and was very prominant in the New York city of Harlem. Grew from the changes made in the African American community since the aboolition of slavery. Major literary movement along with a misical and visual movement aswell.

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Movies

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Start were silent then later on movies w/sound by mid - 1920's called "talkies"

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Radio

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Radio makes it possible for more people to listen to same music and Jazz/Baseball become very popular

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Causes of the Great Depression

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Lower demands for goods-people did not need multiple cars/appliances but businesses kept producing goods just as quickly. Business inventories-grow due limited demand. Companies had to pay for more storage space profit goes down process must go down if a company wants to lower inventories. Reduced number of workers produces fewer goods. Unemployment up creating even less of a demand for goods. Credit-people bought cars and goods on credit with little money down. Very little checking up on peoples ability to pay. When people lose their job they cannot pay their debts. Banks and businesses lose money. The bull market and the crash. Hoover tries to fix to the problems by issuing a tariff on imports. European put taxes on American goods in response made the depression worse.

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Herbert Hoover

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Herbert Hoover- [president during the stock market crash]. Republican who believed in Laisses faire. The crash was a part of the businesses cycle. “Prosperity is just around the corner” Hoover tries to fix to the problems by issuing a tariff on imports. European put taxes on American goods in response, therefore didnt really help at all.

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Stock Market Crash

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The stock market crash affected more then just investors. The crash of 1929 left citizens in a terror, driving them away from any purchases in fear the economy would continue to fall. Unfortunately this lack of confidence only caused the economy to plummet further. Small businesses began to go bankrupt and those who lost their jobs could not afford any excess spending at all. This lack of spending caused the Great Depression to tighten its grip on the Unites States.

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Overproduction

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Companys began to over-produce their goods when their wasnt enough demand for them. This caused comapanies to pay for more storage space and lay off workers. Big contributing factor of the Great Depression.

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Dust Bowl

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Farmers in the south plowed natural grass to plant things. Drought hits area and after a few years topsoil starts to blow away causing dust storms. Many died due to lung problems. People remained in doors and put wet sheets on windows to stop dust.

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Uneven Distribution of wealth

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During the depression there was a large split between wealthy and poor. There was hardly a middle class, the rich were very rich and the poor were very poor. FDR worked to change this when he came into office.

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Hooverville

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Slum Housing by homeless people during the Great Depression

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Franklin Delanor Roosevelt

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He ran against hoover, he was a democrat. First 100 days of office were very productive, re-distrubuting wealth, he called it immediate relief, actually sent a record number of bills to Congress from March 9 to June 16 Wanted to get goverment more involved in the economy to end the great depression. He had a group of Columbia economic advisors (brain trust) to help get people working again and to reapair the economy. Went on radio explained New Deal Program (his new economic plans) and made people feel like they were a part of the solution.

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Election of 1932

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FDR Democrat vs Hoover Republican. The election took place in 1929 after the stock market crash. This was a focal point of the election and what the canidites focused their campaigns on. Roosevelt won by a landslide. This election collapsed the idea of the 4th party system.

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The New Deal

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1933-1937 economic plans that were put into place during FDR’s presidency, these plans were to reconstruct the economy, it also worked towards preventing a depression from occurring again.

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Fireside Chats

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Radio addresses from FDR to the nation where he would explain the New Deal Programs in order to make people feel comfortable

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CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps )

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A public work relief program in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men, ages 18–25, between 1933-42.It provided unskilled manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal, state and local governments.Designed to provide employment for young men in relief families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression while at the same time implementing a general natural resource conservation program in every state and territory.

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AAA ( Agriculture Adjustment Act )

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restricted agricultural production in the New Deal era by paying farmers subsidies not to plant part of their land and to kill off excess livestock. Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus so as to effectively raise the value of crops, thereby a portion of their fields lie fallow

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TVA ( Tennessee Valley Authority )

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The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is a federally owned corporation in the United States created by congressional charter in May 1933 to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly affected by the Great Depression.

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Brain Trust

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FDR's group of economic advisors from Columbia and New York

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Critics of New Deal

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Huey Long
Father Coughlin

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Social Security

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The Social Security Act was signed by FDR in 1935 that paid retirement benefits to workers.

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Court Packing Plan

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Was composed by a bill by FDR that attempted to expand the membership of the supreme court so FDR would be able to pack as many justices as possibe into the judiecary branch that would uphold the constintuanality of the New Deal Program.

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WPA - (Work Progress Administration)

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The largest and most ambitious New Deal agency, employing millions to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads, and operated large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects. It fed children and redistributed food, clothing, and housing. Almost every community in the United States had a park, bridge or school constructed by the agency, which especially benefited rural and Western populations.

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SEC ( Securities and Exchange Commission )

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SEC - (Securities and Exchange Comission) Banks could no longer buy stocks with their depositors money.Companies that wanted to sell shares to the public to raise money had to disclose a host of financial information to potential investors. For the first time, investors could find out if a company was worth the stock price it was asking. The SEC also regulated the major stock exchanges, the brokers and dealers, mutual funds and investment advisors.

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Axis

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Germany, Italy, Japan ( Belgium, Serbia, and Greece)

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Allies

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France, Great Britain, United States, Soviet Union (China)

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Lend - Lease Act

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Program that supplied Britain , Soviet Union and France with massive amounts of war material

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Preparation for War

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Attack on Pearl Harbor pushed U.S into involvementAmerican industry had to be set in motion to support the nation’s Allies as well as their own military expansion, including tens of thousands of trucks, vehicles and equipment.

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Gen. Patton

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US Army officer that became famous for his leadership and outspoken manner during WWII
Major Contributes during battle of Normandy, Lorraine Campaign and Battle of Bulge

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Gen. Eisenhower

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Five Stat General

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North Africa

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People in Stalingrad stop the Nazi invasion. Survive by eating rats and anything else really. Italy under Mussolini wanted to expand its territory Sends troupe to Somalia and Libya Italian Army gets into battles with British and North Africa. Mussolini asks Hitler to send German troupes to help. Germany sends Irwin Runnel “the desert for to N Africa to fight African troupes. Battle of El Alumein tank battle in the Sahara desert between the British and the Germans/Italians British General Montgomery forces to Germans to retreat, 1st defeat for the German Army. The U.S. joins the war in N Africa by landing in Morocco that way they could corner their opponents with the help of the British coming from both the east and west.

Front 44

Invasion of Italy

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US decides to attack Sicily first them goes through Italy, not too much resistant because many Italians didn’t like Mussolini. The US managed to capture Mussolini then Nazis free him then he is recaptured shot multiple times by Italians then hung up side down. By 1943 US had control over most of Italy.

Front 45

D - Day

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General Eisenhower is placed in charge of the allied forces. He plans an invasion of Europe from England. Americans try to trick Germans by making them think the Invasion will take place off the northern cost of France by using decoys and Messages the Germans would intercept. Invasion is planned for Normandy on June 4 1944 D-Day due to the bad weather, it takes place on June 6th.

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Battle of Bulge

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Germans are able to cut U.S. Army in half and surround some American troops - Germans ask for part of the American Army to surrender. U.S. General respond “Nuts”

Front 47

Pearl Harbor

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Japanese launch a surprise attack on the island of Oahu on Dec 7, 1941 in the morning. The arial attacks launched by the Japanese were very sucessful however the submarines failed to finish off the wounded submarines. Over 2400 military men killed. The attack was very suprising because the Japannesse decieved the US by saying false statements that indicated they wanted continued peace.

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Bataan Death March

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Took place in the Philippines in 1942. The Japanese transferred over 75,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war. Japanese treated the prisoners terribly they marched 5 to 6 days without food or water. There were transferred by trains as well but they were terribly over packed, only being prepared for about 20,000 prisoners.

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Gen.MacArthur

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An American general that was in charge of the Philippine army. When the Japanese invaded the Philippines his forces were forced to retreat to Bataan. He held out in the Philippines until May of 1942. He managed to flee to Australia and became Supreme Commander of the Southwest Pacific area.

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Battle of Midway

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Midway was half way between the US main coast and Japan ,an essential US communication point. Japan decided to attach because they new how vital it was to the US. US intercepted information about the attack. Japan thought it would be a surprise attach but the US forces commanded by Admiral Chester W Nimitz. Battle lasted 3 days the US sunk all 4 of Japans major aircraft carrying ships while only losing one of their 3. Even the playing fieldbefore the battle Japan had an advantage over the US with their naval fleet. Back bone of the Japan fleet was broken but Japan still controlled much of the sea.

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Island-Hopping

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The technique the US decided to use after the attach on Pearl Harbor. They would hop from island to island defeating the Japanese until they made it to the main island. This was necessary due to the fact that plains didn't have enough fuel to make it all the way to the main island. Turns out the Japanese were fighting to the death so the US decided since the bomb technology was ready it would be more efficient to drop the atomic bomb.

Front 52

Battle of Leyete Gulf

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US and Australian forced allied and attacked the Japanese and invaded Leyete. Known as the largest naval battle in WWII. Japanese started using kamikaze attacks but still wasn't enough and the US defeated Japan with its 3rd and 7th fleets. At the end of the battle the Japanese fleet was in ruins and was unable to launch any offensive maneuvers.

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Battle of Iwo Jima

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Lasted 1 month and occurred 25 miles outside of Tokyo. US fought for and captured the island of Iwo Jima. The US heavily bombed the Japanese but it didn't do much good do to the fact that the Japanese dug tunnels that shielded them from the explosives. 110,000 marines sent in by the US and 880 ships. Japanese start to run out of food and water and get taken over. Japanese casualties totalled 21,069. US flag was placed on Mount Suribachi symbolizing US courage, the photo was taken by Joe Rosanthal.

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Battle of Okinawa

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no resistence landing but when the US troups progressed on their invasion they met massive amounts of enemy soldiers. The Japanesse were fighting to the death using kamakazee strikes. Japan lost 100,000 troups, Allies lost 50,000.

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Manhattan Project

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A project led by the US and supported by Canada and the UK. This project led to the creation of the atomic bomb.

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Hiroshima

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The U.S. drops first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. Killed 100,000 people, but Japan didn’t surrender.

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Nagasaki

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The U.S. drops the second atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan. Japan signs an un-conditional surrender on the USS Missouri. V-J Day Victory in Japan. WWII ends August 1945.

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Pres. Truman

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FDRs 3rd vice president that suceeded him in 1945 becoming the 33rd president.
Authorized the use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Supported the New Deal -- advocating for national health care, repeal of the anti-union Taft-Hartley Act and an aggressive civil rights program

Front 59

V-E Day

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Victory in Europe. May 8th, 1945 Germany surrenders. WWII in Europe is over.

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V-J Day

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Victory over Japan day, it is the day Japan surrendered August 15 1945.