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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the 4 long term causes of the war |
Militarism, alliance system, nationalism and imperialism |
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How was militarism a cause for the war? |
Germany was envious of Britain's wealth and sought to confront her naval supremecy |
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How was the alliance system a cause for the war? |
The alliance system had divided Europe into two groups: Triple Alliance & Triple Entente |
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How was imperialism a cause for the war? |
Germany was a recently united nation and wanted its place among other European colonies, if France and Britain could have colonies, why not Germany? |
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How was nationalism a cause for the war? |
The deep loyalty to Serbia by the Slavic people led to the assassination of Ferdinand after Bosnia was taken by A-H |
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What was the short term cause for the war? |
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand |
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What was the goal of the Black Hand and who was their leader? |
The Black Hand was a secret Serbian nationalist society led by Gavrilo Princip, who's goal was to unite Slavic people |
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What did the Black Hand do? |
They met in cellars with passwords and gang-like vows and practiced pistol shooting and made bombs and pamphlets to disrupt the union from within |
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When was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand? |
June 28, 1914 |
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What was the "blank cheque"? |
Before doing anything to crush Serbia, A-H needed a guarantee of Germany's support, they agreed because they believed war was inevitable and the agreement was called the "blank cheque" |
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Was France ready for war? Was Russia? |
France was ready militarily and psychologically whereas although the Russian Pan Slav opinion was strongly for war, they had neither a strong army, or government |
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How did Canada get involved in the war? |
Imperialism went into effect as when Great Britain declared war, Canada was automatically at war because they were a British dominion |
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When did the battle of Ypres occur? |
April - May, 1915 |
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What was the Ypres salient? |
It was a 10 mile front with a 5 mile bulge into German territory |
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Who held the Ypres salient and where? |
The centre and right of the salient was held by the British and Canadians while France, colonials, and Algerians held the left |
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What did the Germans do to resolve trench deadlock in the battle of Ypres? |
They released 5,700 cylinders of chlorine gas that moved across No Man's Land, causing the birth of modern warfare |
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What were the effects of chlorine gas? |
Inhalation would cause swelling to the tongue and burning and swelling to the lungs, men would lose their sense of sight, smell and taste, sometimes permanently |
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What was the defense towards chlorine gas? |
Breathing through a cloth soaked with urine |
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What did the introduction of gas warfare mean, and what was its precursor? |
It meant the escalation of gas warfare, and was the precursor the mustard gas, first used at Passchendaele, and would cause burning to the skin where there was sweat or moisture |
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What were the two main results from the introduction of chlorine gas at Ypres? |
There was no longer sympathy for the normal guy on the other side, and there was Canadian distrust of French and British commanders as they knew the gas and had done nothing |
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When did the battle of the Somme occur? |
July - November, 1916 |
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What was the Somme known for? |
It was known as the "bloodbath" of 1916 and was a testament to failure and not learning from the past |
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How many Canadian casualties were there at the Somme and what was their effect? |
There were over 68,000 Canadian soldiers dead or wounded and forced the Canadian government to consider conscription |
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What was the order of events in the battle of the Somme? |
The river Somme, the battle of Beaumont-Hamilton, the battle of Courcellette, the Hindenburg line of defense |
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What happened at the River Somme? |
General Sir Douglas Haig ordered 100,00 troops over the top in broad daylight and because the Germans were protected from artillery as they were underground, over 57,000 troops were killed missing or wounded on the first day |
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Who was the main victim of the battle of Beaumont-Hamilton? |
The Newfoundland regiment was practically wiped out, with only 68/790 surviving without injury |
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What was a battle of attrition and when did it occur? |
The goal of a battle of attrition was not to defeat the enemy but to outlast him, and kill more of his men than he did yours, it was seen at the battle of Beaumont-Hamilton during the Somme |
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What happened at the battle of Courcellette? |
Canadians went into the village while Germans were hidden in cellars and tunnels and house to house combat occurred for the first time |
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What happened to those who broke through the trenches at the battle of Courcellette? |
Those who broke through the trenches ran out of grenades and there was no way to supply more |
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Why did the Germans create the Hindenburg line of defense? |
The Germans exchanged a long, bulging, war torn line for a well situated, shorter one with every modern defense system to aid their dwindling army |
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Why didn't the Germans use a Salient at the Somme? |
Salients were costly in a defensive war as the army was vulnerable from three sides and much more men were needed |
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What was the scorched earth policy? |
The Germans did not want to give the enemy good land and so they mined roads and wilderness, blew-up or burnt down villages, polluted wells and scorched farmlands |
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How many men had the British lost to Vimy Ridge, and why couldn't they succeed? |
The British had lost 20,000 men and couldn't win because the Germans had created a complex network of trenches and tunnels that were heavily protected with artillery, had electricity and had the high ground and could watch enemy movement |
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Why did Canadians succeed at Vimy Ridge? |
Arthur Currie implemented new tactics which led Canadians to victory |
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What tactics led Canadians to victory at Vimy Ridge? |
A scale model, tunneling No Man's Land, German weapons, flash spotting & sound ranging, creeping barrage, the Vimy Glide, Maps |
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How was a scale model used at Vimy Ridge? |
The scale model was built for soldiers to train on until they got the lay of the land |
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How was tunneling used at Vimy Ridge? |
No Man's Land was tunneled and men could advance underground, beneath the Germans and out of sight |
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How were German weapons used at Vimy Ridge? |
Instead of carrying the Canadian gun forward which was time consuming & costly, German weapons were used against them |
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How was flash spotting & sound ranging used at Vimy Ridge? |
Soldiers would use flash spotting and sound ranging to find enemy machine guns, destroy them first, and then send in troops |
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How was a creeping barrage used at Vimy Ridge? |
Creeping barrage was used so that artillery would shell the enemy so soldiers could advance right behind it |
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How was the Vimy Glide used at Vimy Ridge? |
The Vimy Glide was advancing 100 yeards every 3 minutes so that soldiers would not move faster and walk into own artillery fire |
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How were maps used at Vimy Ridge? |
40,000 maps were issued to soldiers who were fully briefed on objectives of the mission and everyone's role, which brought trust and responsibility to the common foot soldier |
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When did the battle of Vimy Ridge occur? |
April 9, 1917 |
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When did the battle of Passchendaele occur? |
July - November, 1917 |
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Who was field marshal Sir Douglas Haig? |
The general in command of British forces who was incompetent but with friends in high places and hard to get rid of |
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What was the purpose of Passchendaele? |
To get to the English Channel coast and capture held ports used for German submarine bases |
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What was the hidden agenda at Passchendaele? |
There were French mutinies among the troops, peace movements were gaining momentum and Allies needed a victory to stop the decaying support for the war |
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What was the objective of Passchendaele? |
To capture the town of Passchendaele, which was 5 miles east of Allied lines |
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Why was there so much mud at Passchendale? |
There had been torrential downpours from Aug-Sept and the combination of rain, mining, artillery shells & the explosion of Messine Ridge destroyed the natural drainage system of the area which left the water with no place to go but shell holes and trenches |
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How deep was the mud at Passchendaele? |
It could be knee deep to waist deep in places |
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Why did Currie originally refuse men to send over the top at Passchendaele? |
He had surveyed the area and concluded that it was a waste of resources and that there would be about 16,000 Canadian deaths (there were 15,500) |
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What was the result of Passchendaele? |
Canadians were prepared and won but 400,000 allied solders died for 5 miles of mud, and they withdrew the following year after realizing the land had become useless |
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When was the sinking of the cruise ship, the Lusitania and who sunk it? |
German U-boat-20 sunk the Lusitania in May 1915 |
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How many casualties were there from the Lusitania and why so many? |
There were 1,200 casualties from the explosion from German fire that was abnormally large due to secretly hidden munitions |
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Why was the Lusitania sunk? |
The German U-20 mistook it for a British ship |
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What was the result from the sinking of the Lusitania? |
It resulted in American hatred towards Germany and eventually led the the US declaring war one Germany in 1917 |
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When was the conscription crisis? |
It began in May 1917 and went until early 1918 |
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What was the reasoning behind conscription? |
Men had stopped volunteering for the army after learning of the deaths and trench conditions and after the Somme, Canada was in desperate need of troop replenishment |
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Who was for conscription and who was against it? |
British Canadians, English Canadians and military families were all for conscription as they felt loyalty towards Britain and Canada whereas French Canadians did not feel loyalty to either Canada or Britain and believed men were more needed at home on farms |
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What was the result of the passing of the Military Services Act of 1917 |
It divided French Canadians and English Canadians and led to uprisings and riots across the country |
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When did the first Russian revolution occur? |
February of 1917 |
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What were the causes of the Russian revolution? |
Under the provincial government of Alexander Karansky, Russia was losing battles against Germany and Tsar Nicholas II was easy to blame for all the death and loss; because the Tsar could not get Russia out of war, a revolution was sparked and led to the eventual rise of the Soviet Union |
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When did the 100 day battle occur? |
August - November, 1918 |
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What order of towns did Canadian soldiers pass through in the 100 day battle? |
Amiens, Arras, Canal du Nord, Cambrai |
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What was the objective of the 100 day battle? |
To capture Cambrai on the German side which was a road/rail/supply hub for the German army |
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How were the Germans defeated in the 100 day battle? |
Canadians first fought at Amiens and won, moved to Arras in the Hindenburg line and won, followed the Germans across the Canal du Nord and won where they captured Cambrai |
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What main issue was faced during the 100 day battle and how was it resolved? |
The Germans retreated over the Canal du Nord and Canadians needed a way to get across, so Arthur Currie had the idea to build a bridge over an unfinished stretch of canal |
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What are two statements about the 100 day battle? |
It caused the greatest casualties for Canadian soldiers and was the most important of the battles as it ended the war |
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What role did Kaiser Wilhelm II play in the war? |
He was the commander in chief of the German armed forces and he incited A-U to exact revenge against Serbia after the assassination |
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What characteristics did Kaiser Wilhelm II embody? |
He embodied the three characteristics of the German ruling class; archaic militarism, vaulting ambition and neurotic insecurity |
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Who was Archduke Franz Ferdinand |
He was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne |
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When was Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated? |
June 28, 1914 |
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What is an ultimatum? |
A final demand, the rejection of which will result in retaliation or breakdown in relations |
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Give an example of an ultimatum that occurred in WW1 |
When Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, Austria-Hungary gave Serbia an ultimatum that compromised their independence, and when rejected, Austria-Hungary declared war on them |
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What position did Sam Hughs hold and how was he described? |
Sam Hughs was the Canadian Minister of Militia/War and was described as an egotistic megalomaniac |
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What did Sam Hughs do right? |
He was responsible for a 35,000 member volunteer force, kept Canadian soldiers together in Canadian units and selected Arthur Currie to command Canadian forces? |
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What position did Sir Robert Borden hold? |
He was the war time Prime Minister of Canada |
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What did Sir Robert Borden support? |
He completely supported the British war effort and pushed conscription in 1917 |
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What position did Sir Wilfred Laurier support? |
He was the former Canadian Prime Minister and leader of the Opposition |
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What Sir Douglas Haig's role? |
He was in command of the British forces |
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How was Sir Douglas Haig described? |
He was described as incompetent but had friends in high places and was therefore hard to get rid of |
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How were Sir Douglas Haig's tactics described? |
His tactics were considered deeply flawed, and he is considered responsible for the high casualties at the Somme and Passchendaele |
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What was Sir Arthur Curries role? |
He was a consistently successful Canadian army commander |
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What is Sir Arthur Currie known for most? |
He is known for being largely responsible for the planning and execution of the Vimy Ridge assault as he studied what went wrong at previous battles and went in the opposite way |
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What was the Red Baron known for? |
The Red Baron was the most famous air ace of the war and had the most kills |
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What is the Red Baron's real name and nationality? |
He was German pilot Manfred von Richtofen |
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What was the role of David Lloyd George? |
He was the wartime Prime Minister of Great Britain |
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What is David Lloyd George known for? |
He combated the growing German submarine menace in early 1917 |
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What was the role of Tsar Nicholas II |
He was Russia's wartime emperor and Russia's last emperor |
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How was Tsar Nicholas II involved in the Russian revolution? |
When he took lead of the Russian army he was easy to blame for all the casualties and he could not get Russia out of war which sparked the revolution |
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Who was Billy Bishop and how was he regarded? |
Billy Bishop was Canada's highest scoring fighter pilot during the war however he was regarded as a weak pilot and had a tendency to crash |
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What was the role of Woodrow Wilson? |
He was the wartime President of the United States |
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What decision did Woodrow Wilson make? |
He decided that America could not stay neutral and declared war against Germany in 1917 |
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What were the alliances in the war and who made up the alliances? |
The Triple Entente was the alliance between Russia, France, and the U.K. and the Triple alliance was the alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy |
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What was Valcartier Camp? |
A huge training camp for Canadian soldiers in Quebec City that held over 30,000 men and 8,000 horses |
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What is nationalism? |
A deep and almost fanatical loyalty to ones nation and can sometimes lead to political assassinations |
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What is militarism? |
Belief in the power and intimidation of a strong military to decide issues |
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What is imperialism? |
The policy of attaining and controlling lands far from home to build an empire |
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What is an alliance system and what was the alliance system in the war? |
An alliance system is agreements or treaties between nations to co-operate for specific purposes; the one seen in WW1 is the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance |
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What is a U-boat? |
It is a type of submarine invented by the Germans for use in the wars |
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What is artillery? |
Large guns used for on-land warfare |
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What are shells? |
Artillery munitions which contain an explosive or another filling |
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What is shrapnel? |
The fragments from the explosion of the shell or another object |
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What is infantry? |
Soldiers or military units that fight on foot, typically with rifles, machine guns, grenades, mortar etc. |
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What was cavalry? |
Cavalry was the first British army unit to see action (horses) |
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Why did cavalry become obsolete? |
The introduction of trench warfare, barbed wire and machine guns rendered them useless |
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What is Chlorine gas? |
It is a chemical weapon that was first used on a large scale by the Germans at Ypres |
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What were thrift stamps? |
Interest earning stamps to help fund participation in WW1 |
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What was "No Man's Land"? |
A belt of unoccupied land between the trenches of the opposing forces |
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What did it mean to go "over the top"? |
Orders to go "over the top" meant to leave the safety of their trenches and attack the enemy |
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What was trenchfoot? |
A medical condition resulting from having wet feet for a long period of time |
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What were the effects of trenchfoot? |
Feet would swell up to twice their normal size and go numb; gangrene could result |
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What was the role of rats in the trenches? |
Over-sized rats would spread infection and were a constant irritant |
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What was the role of lice in the trenches? |
Lice caused trench fever which gave troops headaches, fever, and muscle pain |
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What was unrestricted submarine warfare? |
A German policy had set in place had set in place a blockade British and allied ships that applied to both belligerent and neutral shipping but in February 1917, Germany ended their agreement to limit warfare |
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What was the result of unrestricted submarine warfare? |
When Germany ended their agreement to limit submarine warfare, USA severed diplomatic relations and declared war on Germany in 1917 |
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Who were pacifists? |
Those who oppose to war on moral grounds; many French Canadians were pacifists |
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What did the Military Services Act do? |
It made all citizens between ages of 20-45 subject to military service, if called, for the duration of the war |
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When did the Military Services Act pass? |
1917 |
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What did the Military Voters Act do? |
It gave the right to vote to all Canadian soldiers, including those overseas |
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When did the Military Voters Act pass? |
1917 |
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What did the Wartime Elections Act do? |
It gave the right to vote to wives, mothers and sisters of soldiers |
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When did the Wartime Elections Act pass? |
1917 |
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What was a creeping barrage? |
It was artillery bombardment in which a "curtain" of artillery fire moved toward the enemy directly ahead of the troops who were advancing at nearly the same speed |
