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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are cathedral schools?
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Schools located inside a cathedral. Students had to pay to attend. Taught by clergymen.
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What are the 2 types of universities?
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student lead and faculty lead
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Why was it difficult for universities to acquire libraries back then?
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books were VERY expensive because people had to copy them down by hand and paper was not cheap. Paper back then was called vellum (unblemished sheep skin)
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What is trivium?
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The "prerequisites" for quadrivium. Classes included grammar, rhetoric, and logic
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What is quadrivium?
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arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music (proportions)
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Which university is known for law and located in Italy?
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University of Bologna
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Which university is known for theology and located in France?
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University of Paris
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What did students do with their education back then?
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became a teacher, clergyman, or a royal bureaucrat although there were some that just went to learn
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What is the Great Chain of Being?
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there is a natural order to everything, everything in the universe is connected some how. At the top of the chain there is God, next are Angels, then people, then animals, then plants, then minerals and so forth.
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What is the Body Politic?
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Human society is likened to a single body. A body has a head that governs it (a King). The head cannot live by itself, it needs to defend itself with arms (knights), needs feet (peasants), and needs a heart (the church). Everybody has a place.
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What is microcausal/macrocausal?
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things are reflected at different levels, leaf reflects the pattern of a tree, a person reflects his town
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What are the main ideas of The Natural Law by Thomas Aquinas?
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He takes a problem, gives one side, then gives a response, then a conclusion. Law is binding, if it is a legitimate law and based on reason, then it is just. Happiness is doing what you're meant to do in life, not a feeling of euphoria. Good has a purpose, evil does not. All basic laws seek to protect the family.
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What is the Treaty of Verdun?
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When Charlemagne's grandsons broke the country up into 3 parts: one for each of them.
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What are the two systems to disperse authority?
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Feudalism and manorialism
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What is feudalism?
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The king has military forces/noblemen to work the land and govern the area. It is a system of two parties (lords and vassals), both are noblemen.
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What three things do lords get from vassals in feudalism?
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1) military service (40 days a year), 2) if lord gets captured in battle, vassal has to pay his ransom, 3) give advice on war/ battle when asked
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What three things do vassals get from their lords in feudalism?
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1) source of income, 2) protection (from lord's other vassals), 3) lord will act as an advocate for the vassal in court
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What is manorialism?
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There is a lord and serf. The lord is over the manor. The lord is the equivalent of a vassal in feudalism. Serf is a peasant who belongs to the manor, not to the lord.
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What does the serf do for the lord in manorialism?
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1) labor and 2) various tasks
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What does the lord do for serf in manorialism?
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1) give them protection and 2) give them a livelihood (keeps some products to sell/eat)
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What does day to day living look like for serfs in manorialism?
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wake up at sunrise, start working around 9, take a long lunch break because the meal has to be prepared, then they stop working a few hours before the sun goes down to put equipment away. Sundays and holidays off
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What does day to day living look like for noblemen in manorialism?
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training (mock-combat) and hunting (serfs are not allowed to hunt)
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What are the problems with feudalism?
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crossed allegiances and vassals have 2 lords and barons/lords become hereditary
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What is the Treaty of Mersen?
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splitting Lothar's territory between Charles the Bald and Louis the German. Made under 2 languages and neither are satisfied with what they get. This causes the Franko-German feud.
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What does Louis the German's empire develop into?
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Holy Roman Empire (defenders of Rome and the church)
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What does Charles the Bald's Empire develop into?
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France
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How is the Holy Roman emperor elected?
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by German princes
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Who dominates the eastern part of Charlemagne's empire?
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dominated ethnically by Germans
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How is the ruler of the kingdom of France determined?
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it is a hereditary monarchy (oldest son)
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Was France a feudalist or manorialist society?
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feudalist
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Who starts attacking France?
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Vikings/Normans
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What does King Charles the Fat (King of France) do about the Viking attacks?
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cuts a deal with a Viking warlord (Hrolf) to give him French lands and make him a duke (Dukes of Normandy)
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What was the Battle of Hastings (1066)?
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Norman conquest of England where Duke William II (William the Bastard son of Robert the Devil) went against English King Harold II. Harold gets shot through the eye and dies. William became king and made England a feudal kingdom.
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What is lay investiture?
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when a lay ruler gives a bishop their authority (emblematic)
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Who was Gregory VII?
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pope who was an advocate for the Two Swords Doctorine (spiritual authority always wins out over king)
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What is an interdict?
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condemning a group or area. Kinda like an excommunication of a group
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What happens when King Henry IV tries to excommunicate Pope Gregory VII?
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Pope Gregory VII excommunicates him. Henry's vassals are free of him and rebel. Henry then kneels out in the snow begging for forgiveness for 3 days at Canossa
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What was the Concordat of Worms (1122)?
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a compromise where both the lay ruler an the feudal ruler give power to bishops
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What is the Fourth Lateran Council?
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fixes the seven sacraments of the church and reinforces transubstantiation (when the priest speaks the words over the wine and bread, they both BECOME the body and blood of Christ)
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Who was Pope Innocent III?
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pope that told the King of France that he could not get a divorce. Holy Roman Emperor also kissed his feet and let him ride in on a donkey like Jesus). Put an interdict over England. Then England became a vassal of the pope
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How did the Crusades start out?
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the church in the east and west had grown apart over the question of authority. The west gave power to the pope, the east gave more power to the emperor than the west.
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What was the East/West Schism?
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East and West popes excommunicate each other
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Who was creating havoc for the Byzantines?
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Seljuk Turks
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What happened when the Byzantines gathered up an army against the Turks?
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Byzantine emperor is captured at Manzikert and is forced to give up a lot of Byzantine lands to the Turks. The Turks then start interfering with Christian pilgrimages to Jerusalem
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What does Pope Urban II do when he hears of the raids on the Christian pilgrimages to Jerusalem?
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He orders the Crusades to retake the Holy Land and reunite Christians under him.
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What is chivalry?
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French word "chival" means horse (associated with knights). Code of behavior (nobility wanted to be gentlemen).
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What was the Peace of God?
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basically, "Don't kill unarmed church men, don't damage church property, don't abuse peasants w/o reason."
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What was the Truce of God?
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regulates the days and times people can fight. "No combat from sun down Wednesday to sun rise Monday morning."
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What was the 3 field system?
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a modification of the 2 field system. Fall crop, summer crop, and a fallow field
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What was the 2 field system?
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1 field for crops, 1 fallow field (rotated)
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What were the advantages of a 3 field system over a 2 field system?
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more food production, food supplies was more stable (if one fails, still have another shot), varied diet (prevents malnutrition), more nutrients for the ground
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What was the structure of society inside a town?
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peasants (work), nobility (fight), clergy (pray), artisans and merchants become middle class (small percentage of population at first, but grows)
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Why is there a rise of the middle class of artisans and merchants?
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there is a stable climate at the time, which means better agriculture, and therefore better trade
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How were towns organized?
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500-1,000 people, guilds organized around crafts (protects industries, regulate trade, and cooperate w/ church to establish a just price), economic system is about stability
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what are the 3 levels of guilds?
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1) apprentice: sent to live/learn a practice with a master, 2) journeyman: an employee of a master, 3) master: run the guild
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How do towns operate?
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have town councils, maybe a mayor as well. Owe loyalty to nobility, membership of guild = citizen of the town, divide up duties in the town
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What were the main ideas of the excerpt from John of Salisbury?
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the prince is responsible for his people. His job is to protect, and has the power to kill but only wrongdoers. The prince's virtue should regulate his choices. He should protect virtue and punish vices. Their life is what's best for the commonwealth
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What is the emphasis of Romanesque vs. Gothic architecture?
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Romanesque = horizontal, Gothic = vertical
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What is the elevation of Romanesque vs. Gothic architecture?
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Romanesque = modest height, Gothic = soaring
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What is the layout of Romanesque architecture vs. Gothic?
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Romanesque = multiple units, Gothic = unified, unbroken space
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What is the main trait of Romanesque architecture vs. Gothic?
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R = rounded arch, G = pointed arch
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What is the support system of Romanesque architecture vs. Gothic?
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R = piers and walls, G = exterior buttresses
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What is the engineering of Romanesque architecture vs. Gothic?
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R = barrel and groin vaults, G = ribbed groin vaults
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What is the ambiance of Romanesque architecture vs. Gothic?
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R = dark and solemn, G = airy and bright
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What is the exterior of Romanesque architecture vs. Gothic?
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R = simple and severe, G = richly decorated with scultpure
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Who or What is Durendal?
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Rallondi's sword
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Who or What is Oliphant?
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a horn that you blow in battle if you need help
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What are the 2 types of armor?
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plate armor and tilting suit
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What is plate armor?
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metal suit that comes about because chain mail can get pierced by now
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What is a tilting suit?
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specifically made for jousting tournaments
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What is a melee?
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the main event of the tournament. Happens on the 2nd or 3rd day. Example of one: if the tournament were in Paris, all knights of Paris were on one team vs. everyone else
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What church was the the Gothic style invented in?
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St. Denis
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Which church is all the perephenalia of the French kingdom in?
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St. Denis
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How was the Gothic style brought about?
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Abbott Suger from St. Denis church realized the need to build a larger cathedral. It was originally going to be in Romanesque style, but he thought more light needed to be brought into the Church
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What is sublime light?
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type of light that is supposed to provoke the idea of going beyond the best; "heavenly" light
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What happened in Town and Gown?
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there was adversity between local town and students that in university because the locals only care about locals and jacked up the prices for the students. This caused riots.
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