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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What were the causes of the end of the Paleolithic Era?
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An increase in the earth's temperature (end of the Ice Age).
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What was the Neolithic Revolution?
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The change from hunting & gathering to farming which created a stable food supply and led to the beginning of civilization.
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What geographic feature has the biggest influence on settlement?
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water (rivers)
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What are the characteristics of civilization?
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-advanced cities
-specialization -complex institutions -record keeping -improved technology |
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What are some examples of complex institutions?
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-religion
-social customs -government -economy |
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What were the economies of early river valley civilizations based on?
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They were primarily based on farming (agriculture) and then on trade.
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What did rivers provide to early civilizations?
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-used for irrigation
-served as natural defense barrier -encouraged trade |
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What are some examples of specialization?
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-soldiers
-farmers -merchants -scribes -artisans |
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What is the difference between “hierarchical” and “egalitarian” societies?
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Hierarchical societies separate people into classes (usually upper and lower), but egalitarian societies are usually based on equality.
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What forms of record-keeping did China, Mesopotamia, & Egypt use?
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China-pictographic writing
Mesopotamia-cuneiform Egypt-hieroglyphs |
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Why did early civilizations develop in the Fertile Crescent?
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There were sufficient sources of water and good farmland.
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What adaptations were necessary in Mesopotamia?
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-Irrigation of the Tigris & Euphrates Rivers
-Using bricks to build city walls -Using sail to improve trade. |
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Describe the social hierarchy of Mesopotamia.
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Top: Priests
Merchants Artisans/metalworkers Farmers/laborers Bottom: Slaves |
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What type of institution was a “ziggurat”?
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Religious institution
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What geographic feature provided ancient Egypt with protection?
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deserts
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How did cataracts on the Nile River impact Egypt?
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They helped to cause it to be divided into Upper and Lower Kingdoms.
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What role did mummification play in Egyptian culture?
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It illustrated the importance of religion and the afterlife.
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What type of hierarchy did the belief in Ma’at support?
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A hierarchy in which the pharaoh was at the top of society.
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What type of specialization did pyramids require?
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scribes, engineers, stone cutters
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What geographic feature helped Egypt to grow into a powerful empire?
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The Nile River provided Egypt with a constant source of food, trade, and transportation.
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What geographic feature made travel from Asia to the Indus River Valley possible?
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Mountain passes (Khyber Pass & Bolan Pass)
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What is the best evidence of civilization in the Indus River Valley?
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Grid-shaped city planning
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What type of institution made plumbing possible in every house in the Indus River Valley?
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Political (government)
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What geographic features provided protection in the Chinese heartland?
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-Gobi Desert & Taklamakan Desert
-Yellow Sea & East China Sea -Himalaya Mountains |
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Where was the Chinese heartland located?
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Between the Hwang He (Yellow) and Yangzi Rivers.
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How did the Chinese people adapt to the Huang He (Yellow) River?
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They built canals to prevent flooding.
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What important tradition did Chinese kings perform to communicate with ancestors?
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Using oracle bones
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Describe the Chinese social hierarchy.
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Top: Kings/nobles
Warriors Farmers Artisans Bottom: Laborers/Slaves |
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Who were family members and citizens supposed to respect in China?
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Family members were supposed to respect their elders and parents just as citizens were supposed to honor their kings.
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How did families honor their dead relatives in ancient China?
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In order to honor their ancestors, people made sacrifices of food and gifts.
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What rights did each river valley civilization (Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus, China) give to women?
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Mesopotamia-had jobs as artisans, could be priestesses, and could be educated if wealthy.
Egypt-could own and trade property, could ask for marriage or divorce India-unknown China-had to obey male family members, married someone of their parents/elders choosing at a young age. |
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How do governments attempt to meet the needs of society?
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-encourage trade & economic growth
-protect individual liberties -provide security & order |
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What are the advantages of cultural diffusion?
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-artistic styles spread throughout empires
-ideas spread among civilization -advances in technology spread throughout trade |
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How do social structures provide stability?
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They give members of society defined social expectations and roles.
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What are changes caused by technology?
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-Irrigation leads to increased food supply.
-Sail increased cultural diffusion. -Paper increased the spread of ideas. -Cannons encourage warfare. |
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What term refers to the belief in many gods?
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polytheistic
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What term means trading goods & services without money?
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barter
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What term refers to a country that controls diverse regions, ethnicities, and nationalities?
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empire
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What are some ways that cultural diffusion causes change?
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-Trade routes brought Islam to Africa
-Silk Road encouraged the spread of Buddhism -Growth of the Roman Empire made Latin more popular. |
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What achievements suggest that Indus River Valley was an advanced civilization?
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plumbing
system of agriculture city planning |
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Which artifact, found by archeologists, would demonstrate that the Indus River Valley had an extensive system of trade?
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Sumerian products in the Indus River Valley
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In a Chinese family, who was treated with respect? In society?
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Family-elders/parents
Society-king |
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According to Chinese customs, how did a person honor their ancestors?
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by making sacrifices to them
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