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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who became active in the movement for Indian self-rule before World War I?
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Mohandas Gandhi
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What was the term did the Indian people use for Mohandas Gandhi?
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The Mahatma, or "India's Great Soul"
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What methods did Gandhi use to protest British laws?
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Civil Disobedience
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"Refusal to obey laws considered to be unjust"
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Civil Disobedience
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The protests in what city caused Gandhi to retreat and eventually be arrested?
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Amritsar (northwestern India)
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What act expanded the role of Indians in the governing process?
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1935: Government of India Act
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What was founded to seek reforms in Britain's government of India?
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The Indian National Congress (INC)
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Who was the leader of the INC when it began to push for full independence?
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Motilal Nehru
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Gandhi's protest to the increasing salt taxes, in which he walked to the sea with supporters, was known as what?
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The Salt March
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The son of Motilal Nehru, who later entered the movement after studying law in Great Britain
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Jawaharlal Nehru
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When the independence movement split, the religious, Indian, and traditional value sided with who?
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Gandhi
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When the independence movement split, the secular, Western, and modern values were associated with who?
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(Jawaharlal) Nehru
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What two religious groups were quarreling within the INC?
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Muslims and Hindus
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What league (and under what ruler) believed in the creation of a separate Muslim state (and what was the name of the state)
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Muslim League, under Muhamma Ali Jinnah, wanted to form Pakistan
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"The land of the pure"
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Pakistan
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A large financial and industrial corporation within a single enterprise
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Zaibatsu
(財閥, from the characters for "property/wealth" and "clan/lineage") |
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The four largest zaibatsu
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Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, and Yasuda
Mitsui (三囲, "three shops") Mitsubishi (三菱, "three diamonds" Sumimoto (apparently 炭もと, which means "the source of coal") Yasuda (安田, "cheap rice-field") |
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The return to traditional (Japanese) views
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Traditionalism
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What did Japan do in order to make up for the lack of raw materials and foreign markets?
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It seized territories (Formosa, Korea, and southern Manchuria)
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During the first two decades of the twentieth century, Japan moved toward what form of government?
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Democracy
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What happened in the 1920s as a result of new problems and the old ruling oligarchy?
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Militant forces which encouraged Japan to become militarstic
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Extremist patriotic organizations in Japan led to the capture of what state (despite government opposition)?
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Manchuria
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All political parties merged with what Japanese Association (as a result of militarism)?
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Imperial Rule Assistance Association
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What was the chief means of spreading the word of karl Marx outside the Western World?
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The Communist International (Comintern)
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Who organized Vietnamese communists in French Indochina against Western Imperialism?
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Hồ Chí Minh
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What country had the greatest impact from Marxism?
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China
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What two political forces emerged as competitors for the right to rule China?
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Sun Yat-sen's Nationalist Party and the Chinese Communist Party
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Who formed the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and where did they form?
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A group of young radicals, including several faculty and staff members from Beijing University, formed the CCP in Shanghai
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Who was the leader of the Nationalist Party?
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Sun Yat-sen
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Why did Sun Yat-sen welcome Comintern agents?
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He needed the expertise that the Soviet Union could provide
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After the CCP and the Nationalists joined, and the spring after the Northern Expedition started, how much of China had been conquered?
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All of China south of the Chang Jiang Yangtze River), including the major river ports of Wuhan and Shanghai
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Who succeeded Sun Yat-sen for the head of the Nationalist Party?
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Chiang Kai-shek
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What was the name of the act that Chiang Kai-shek committed when he struck against the communists and their supporters in Shanghai?
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The Shanghai Massacre
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Where did Chiang Kai-shek found his new republic?
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Nanjing
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Who said "the Communists are a disease of the heart"?
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Chiang Kai-shek
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Where did some of the CCP members flee too?
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Shanghai, where they hired, and Jiangxi, a province south of Chiang Jiang
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Who led the Communist party after the Shanghai Massacre?
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Mao Zedong
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What tactics did Mao use to protect the Jiangxi Communist Base from Chiang Kai-shek?
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Guerilla tactics
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What involves unexpected maneuvers like sabotage and subterfuge to fight the enemy?
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Guerilla tactics
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Which group did Mao believe would start the Communist revolution in China?
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The poverty-stricken peasants in the countryside rather than by the urban working class.
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What was the name of Mao's army?
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People's Liberation Army (PLA)
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Why did it seem that communism was no longer a threat to China after the Long March?
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Because several thousands had died and they were living in the mountains of Northern China, under the sole rule of Mao Zedong
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What were Chiang Kai-shek's plans for China in the midst of all the communist action?
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To continue Sun Yat-sen's plans and have China go through a transitional period until it became a Republic.
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Why was China weakened in the time of "political tutelage"?
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Because of years of neglect and civil war
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Where did the new Nanjing government find most of it's support?
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In the westernized middle class.
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How did Chiang Kai-shek deal with the problem of bringing in foreign ideas into conservative China?
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He tried to bring together Western innovations with traditional Confucian values of hard-work, obedience, and integrity
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Who was Chiang kai-shek's wife, and what did her U.S.-education help Chiang to set up?
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Mei-ling Soong, who helped to set up the "New Life Movement"
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What was the "New Life Movement"?
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It was a movement set up Chiang Kai-shek and his wife, Mei-ling soong, in order to promote traditional Confucian social ethics, such a integrity, propriety, and righteousness. At the same time, it rejected Western excessive individualism and material greed from capitalist values.
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"the shifting of wealth from rich minority to a poor majority"
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redistribution of wealth
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Why did Chiang Kai-shek not press for programs that would lead to redistribution of wealth?
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Because his supporters were mainly those of the rural landed gentry and the urban middle class.
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Why was the Nanjing government repressive?
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It was paranoid of communist influence, and thus tried to censor everything suppress all opposition.
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What was the intended final stage of Chiang Kai-shek's government?
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A Republic
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What was the Latin American economy mainly based off of in the beginning of the twentieth century?
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Foodstuffs and raw materials
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What products did-
1) Argentina 2) Chile 3) Brazil 4) Central America -sell? |
Argentina - beef and wheat
Chile - Nitrates (wtf?) and copper Brazil - sugar Central America - Bananas |
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Who started to replace Great Britain as the foremost investor in Latin America?
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United States
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What did the U.S.-owned-United Fruit Company own in Latin America?
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Land, packing plants, and railroads
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What were American firms able to gain control of?
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Copper-mining industry in Chile and Peru, and the oil industry in Mexico, Peru, and Bolivia
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What evidence did the citizens have against the U.S. for helping latin american dictators?
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In Venezuela, U.S. oil companies had a close relationship with the dictator Juan Vicente Gómez
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What attempt did President Franklin D. Roosevelt make to change the realtionship between the U.S. and Latin America?
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He tried the Good Neighbor Policy (lol, with a name like that, there's no way it can fail!), which rejected the use of U.S. military force in Latin America.
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How did the U.S.'s method of investing in Latin America differ from that of Britain?
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the US put their funds directly into production enterprises while Britain put their funds into the stocks of those enterprises, and the US ran companies themselves
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Most Latin American countries had what form of government at first?
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Republican forms of government
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Who ℝℇÅℒℒℽ (really) ruled the Latin American countries?
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Small groups of church officials, military leaders, and large landowners. Military leaders often took control of the government
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What caused authoritarianism to increase during the 1930s?
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The Great Depression
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What form of government did Argentina have?
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Oligarchy
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"A government where a select group of people exercises control"
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Oligarchy
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What is an oligarchy?
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A government where a select group of people exercises control
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How did the growing middle class react to the wealthy landowner oligarchic rulers in Argentina?
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They formed the Radical Party
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Who was the leader of the Radical Party, who was later elected president of Argentina?
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Hipólito Irigoyen
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What caused the Radical Party to become more corrupt?
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Fearing industrial workers, since they were using strikes to improve conditions, the party drew closer to the large landowners.
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What did the military do about the rising power of industrial workers in Argentina?
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They overthrew President Iriyogen and reestablished the power to the large landowners.
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What group was formed by restless military officers in Argentina during WWII?
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The Group of United Officers (GOU... why is it gou? shouldn't it be guo?)
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How was Juan Perón elected president o Argentina?
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The GOU overthrew the government (doesn't this mean he wasn't "elected", he just came to power? xD)
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Who overthrew the Brazilian monarchy, and what was the result?
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The Brazilian army overthrew it, with Brazil becoming a republic
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Why did the price of coffee matter so much in Brazil?
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Over three-quarters of the world's coffee came from Brazil
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Who became president as a result of coffee industry being devastated by the Great Depression?
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Getúlio Vargas
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What happened when President Vargas faced opposition in Brazil?
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He became a dictator, and it was basically an authoritarian state with some Fascist-like features. Political parties were outlawed and civil rights restricted. A secret police used torture to silence his opponents.
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What new industries were stimulated by Vargas (wtf?!?! "stimulated"?)
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The Brazilian steel industry was established, as well as a company set up to explore for oil.
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What country became Latin America's chief industrial power at the end of WWII?
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Brazil
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Despite being democratic, what group controlled major groups in Mexican society?
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The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI... WTF it's completely backwards!!)
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What Mexican president attempted to fulfill some of the original goals of the Mexican Revolution?
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Lázaro Cárdenas
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Why did President Lázaro (of Mexico) become popular among the peasants?
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He gave 44 million acres of land to landless peasants
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Why did the Mexican government gain control over enormous oil reserves?
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Lázaro Cárdenas took a stand against U.S. companies coming in, and the U.S. companies couldn't do anything about it because of Roosevelt's Good Neighbor policy
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What did the Mexican government set up to run the oil industry?
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The PEMEX (i have no idea what this stands for)
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Name one of the artists who went abroad and brought back new artistic techniques to Latin America
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Diego Rivera
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How did Diego Rivera use his artistic talent as a political tool?
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he wanted his paintings to show people and tell people not to forget the Mexican Revolution
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