World Religion (Exam 1)

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Agnosticism

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"I do not know whether god exists"

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Atheism

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"there is no person-like god"

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Being or Ground of Being

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"God is the basis of all that is, the opposite of non-being"

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Deism

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"God created the heaven and the earth and the laws by which they operate"

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Henotheism

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"There is one god above all other gods"

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Panentheism

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"God is in everything, but everything is not god"

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Pantheism

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"All is God"

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Polytheism

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there are two or more person-like gods

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Theism

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God is a person-like being

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Fundamentalists (ideas)

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emphasize the first century when God's word or a revelation of truth came to a prophet, teacher, or savior. God's word must be preserved in the exact form that it was received, passed on to future generations in its entirety, and observed carefully and universally. The first century of the revelation sets the standard of acceptable behavior

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Conservatives (ideas)

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agree with fundamentalists, except they are willing to recognize that literal interpretations may result in unintended and unacceptable contradictions. conservatives may select a role model to follow who personifies their preferences in interpreting the word of God and applying it to their story

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Liberals (ideas)

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prefer the use of reason in interpreting the original message of the first century and the changes made by conservatives in later centuries. pride themselves on applying the latest human knowledge in the practice of religion

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Radicals (ideas)

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strike at the perceived root of any problem, sometimes pushing a dogmatic application of beliefs that the religion has denounced or neglected for centuries. Believing that the end justifies the means, radicals work hard inside and outside the faith to recruit followers and bolster their cause on an overriding theme

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Sacred

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set apart for worship of a deity or as worthy of worship

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Profane

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nonreligious; outside the sphere of religion; contemptuous of religion

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Secular

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worldly; not spiritual or religious

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Myth

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a story dealing with supernatural beings that represents the worldview of a people

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Epic

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a narrative poem celebrating the acts of a traditional hero

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Scriptures

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sacred writings, a sacred scroll or book

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Rituals

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prescribed religious ceremonies

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Rite of passage

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a prescribed ceremonial act or series of acts; the sign that a person is passing from one stage of life to another

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Mantu

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among the Naskapi, the soul of nature, animals, and humans; the soul of a person is referred to as the "Great Man"

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Shaman

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a Siberian term for people who have been initiated in rituals that enable them to control spirits; shamanlike men were found among Indians of North America. in Asia, some shamans were women. today the term is applied to persons of many cultures

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Mista'peo

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among the Naskapi, the Great Man- an individual's soul that lives in the heart; it is a person's essential self. it reveals itself in dreams

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Tsaka'bec

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among the Naskapi, a hero figure. he was a trickster who altered the natural world. he exhibited a craftiness admired by the Naskapi

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Trickster

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a male character found in stories of native North Americans as well as most other cultures. although the trickster was not the creator, he audaciously performed deeds that altered creation. he represents the canniness admired by non literate peoples

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Reincarnation

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a belief, widely shared among world religions, that a soul that has left a body can, after a period of time, return in the body of a newborn child

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Mamanatowick

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the supreme king or chief of the Algonquian speaking peoples of eastern Virgina. Powhatan was the fist mamanatowick the English settlers dealt with at Jamestown

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Weroances

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the subchiefs, or commanders, of the Powhatan empire. female commanders were known as weroansquas

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Wisakon

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the Powhatan term for medicine and substances tasting like medicine. the priests controlled all medicines of significance

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Okeus

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among the Powhatans, a god, or group of gods, that caused suffering. his counterpart is the beneficent deity Ahone

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Ahone

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the beneficent deity of the Powhatans, whose powers were of less concern than those of the malevolent Okeus

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Myth

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a story of gods acting in a different time. creation myths are stories of how the gods acted before humans were created, how they created humans, and how they communicate with humans. the word myth in religious studies does NOT mean untrue

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Kivas

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underground chambers that the Hopi used for religious ceremonies

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Kachinas

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among the Hopi, masked, costumed dancers representing gods, ancestors, or spirits

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Monotheism

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a belief that there is only one deity

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Henotheism

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belief that one deity is supreme over other deities

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Tenochtitlan

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the Aztec island city on Lake Texcoco; it was the site of the major temple to the Aztec god Huitzilopochtli

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Huitzilopochtli

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the chief god of the Aztecs; he was god of the sun who led his people, the Aztecs, to their home in Tenochtitlan

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Tlaloc

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the Aztec god of earth and rain

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Tonatiuh

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an Aztec sun god

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Quetzalcoatl

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the Aztec god known as the Plumed Serpent; he was god of civilization, teacher of the arts and priestcraft

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Tezcatlipoca

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the Aztec lord of the night sky

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Inti

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an early god of the Incas, probably symbolized by a hummingbird. Inti was a creator god who was later combined with Viracocha

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Viracocha

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a creator god of the Incas; symbolized the sun

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Huacas

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in Inca religion, natural phenomena that provide unusual manifestations of the holy. unusual rocks, for example, could symbolize the presence of the holy

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Nubians

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People of the southern Nile valley; neighbors of the ancient Egyptians. Their leaders formed the twenty-fifth dynasty of Egyptian pharaohs.

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Hieroglyphics

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System of writing that used symbols or pictures to represent words or sounds

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Horus

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In Egypt, the son of Isis and Osiris who opposed his uncle Seth. Horus was also the sun, symbolized by a falcon.

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Amon-Re

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A sun god of Egypt. His symbol was the obelisk, a ray of the sun. Amon, originally the god of Thebes, became highest god in 2000 BCE when Thebes dominated all Egypt.

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Aton

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In Egypt, this god's symbol was a disc, representing the sun. After Akhenaton established his throne in Akhetaton, Aton was the only god worshiped

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Hathor

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The Egyptian goddess who created the world. Her symbol was a woman's body with the head of a cow.

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Mayet

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The Egyptian goddess of order and truth, who prompted the deceased at the time of judgment.

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Ankh

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In Egypt, the circle-topped cross representing life. Some forms incorporate a cat on top of the circle.

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Mut

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In Egypt, a goddess whose symbol was a cat.

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Osiris

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In Egyptian myth, a king who became lord of the underworld. With his wife, Isis, he fathered Horus, the king of Egypt.

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Isis

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In Egypt, the wife of Osiris, god of the dead, and the mother of their son Horus. She was the giver of life.

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Seth

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In Egyptian myths, the wicked brother of Osiris. He stole the third eye from Osiris. Horus, the son of Osiris, fought Seth and recovered the third eye, symbol of kingship in Egypt.

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Ka

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In Egypt, divine breath that supported life. Sometimes referred to as the soul

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Ba

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In Egypt, a kind of human consciousness. Sometimes described as the soul

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Akh or ikhu

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A part of the soul; the ghost that went to the land of the blessed

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Efile Mukulu

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Among the Congolese Basongye, the chief god of good. His counterpart is the evil god, Kafilefile.

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Kikudu

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The soul of a human being that may live after the death of the body

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Kafilefile

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Among the Congolese Basongye, the god of evil. His counterpart is the good god, Efile Mukulu.

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Mankishi

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Among the Congolese Basongye, a small carved figure used to represent a child desired by a couple. The figure can also be used to bring success in fishing and to protect homes and people from bad magic

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Mikishi

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Among the Congolese Basongye, human spirits bent on doing harm. Sorcerers can control them.

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Zulu

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A member of Bantu peoples of southeast Africa. Inhabitants of South Africa

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Umnumzane

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The head of the kraal in Zulu society

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Umsamo

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In Zulu religion,the place where people communicate with ancestors

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Diviners (Zulu)

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Women who are spirit possessed and know how to discover people's destinies

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Herbalist (Zulu)

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Men who prescribe medicine for healing

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Izinyanga zezulu

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The deity in Zulu religion who herds weather or sky as boys heard cattle

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Abathakati

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In Zulu society, a person who uses spiritual forces for evil ends. A witch or wizard

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Ukubuyisa idlozi rite

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The Zulu ritual of bringing home the ancestor after a period of mourning

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U mueling angi

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In the creation story of Zulus, the first "comer out" followed by humans, animals, and nature

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Inkosi Yezulu

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In Zulu religion, one name for the god of the sky

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Inkosazana

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The Zulu princess of heaven, who assists women and girls

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Umnayama

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Zulu term for a weakened state that makes a person vulnerable to environmental influences

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Ubuthongo

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Zulu term for deep sleep in which ancestors can appear

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Isangoma

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A Zulu woman diviner

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Ife

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The most sacred city of the Yoruba peoples of Nigeria

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Oba

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A chief or king of the Yoruba

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Olorum

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Supreme deity of the sky in Yoruba religion

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Esu

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A Yoruba god who is amoral; he is a trickster deity and a messenger

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Orisha-nla

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A Yourba creation god

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Aworo

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A priest of the Yoruba

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Awon iya wa

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Yoruba terms for "the mothers"

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Ase

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Spiritual forces of the Yoruba; divine energy

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Orisha

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Various Yoruba spirits

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Oshun

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Yoruba mother goddess

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Orun/Olodumare

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In Yoruba religion, the supreme king; the sky.

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Obatala

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Creator of earth, according to the Yoruba, who brought to it sixteen people created by Olorun

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Odudwa

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A Yoruba creation god associated with the city of life

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Babalawo

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A Yoruba diviner

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Vedas

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Knowledge or wisdom. Scriptures of the Hindus

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Dravidians

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Dark-skinned inhabitants of India. They differed from the light-skinned Aryans who entered from the Northwest

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Aryans

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Indo-Europeans who entered the Indus Valley prior to 1000 BCE. They expressed their evolving religion in the hymns of the Rig-Veda

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Varna

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Color one associated with caste

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Caste

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In Hinduism, the permanent social group into which a person is born and which determines one's social and religious obligations

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Shruti

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Hindu sacred writings, such as the Vedas, based on "heard" or revealed, knowledge

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Brahmanas

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Commentaries and manuals instructing priests in rites associated with Vedas

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Aranyakas

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Shruti-interpreting ritual of the Vedas for ascetics living in the forest

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Upanishads

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"Sitting near teachers"; the last of the Vedas

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Vedanta

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The "end of the Vedas" Schools of philosophy founded on teachings of Upanishads

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Agamas

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Scriptures from tradition that divide according to deity

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Smriti

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Writing based on what human authors "remembered" of revelations to Hindus; less authoritative than revealed scriptures

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Manu

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In Hinduism, the first man

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Itihasa-Purana

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Ancient mythological texts, including Mahabharata, Ramayana, and 18 puranas honoring Brahma, Shiva, and Vishnu

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Mahabharata

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Epic poem featuring activities of the god Krishna

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Ramayana

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An epic of the ideal man, Rama, and Sita, the ideal woman

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Brahmin

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In Hinduism, the name of the highest, priestly caste. After the Aryans were settled in India, the priests became more important than the warriors of the Kshatriya caste

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Purusha

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Primal spirit, or soul of an individual

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Agni

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Fire used in sacrifice. The Vedic god of fire

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Indra

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A god of the Rig-Veda. The creator and ruler of the universe

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Soma

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The Hindu deity of a plan that is intoxicating. In the Vedas, soma was used in worship.

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Vauna

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The Rig-Veda god of the high-arched sky

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Rita

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The Hindu god of order and principles

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Mitra

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A deity of the Vedas. A god of faithfulness and promise-keeping

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Brahman

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In Hinduism, the name of the highest deity, the Absolute

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Atman

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The essence of Brahman that is present in individuals. The universal self

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Maya

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Appearance or illusion; power of creation

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Guru

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A Hindu teacher of religious duties. For a student, the guru represent the divine in human form

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Prakriti

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In Hinduism, matter, as opposed to purusha, spirit

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Moksha

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In Hinduism, the release of the soul from a cycle of rebirths; one of the four goals of life for Hindus

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Saguna Brahman

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In Hinduism, Brahman as he is known with his attributes; this form has person like qualities

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Nirguana Brahman

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In Hinduism, Brahman as he is in himself, beyond attributes

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Kalpa

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In Hinduism, a long period of the created world. When one period ends, a new one begins with another creation

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Reincarnation

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The soul leaves one body at death and is reborn in a new body. Although bodies are replaced, the soul remains essentially the same

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Law of karma

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The principle in Hinduism that a person's thoughts and deeds are followed eventually by deserved pleasure or pain

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Samsara

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The Hindu concept of the wheel of rebirth that turns forever. Souls are reborn until they reach perfection

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Kshatriya

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Hindu caste of warriors and administrators

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Vaishya

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The third Hindu caste, that of merchants and artisans

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Shudras

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In Hinduism, the fourth caste, the caste of laborers

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Marga

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A path in ancient Hinduism

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Trimarge

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The three paths of salvation in ancient Hinduism that called on gods of the Vedas other than Krishna

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Krishna

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An incarnation of Vishnu, who is also the chariot driver of the warrior Arjuna of the Bhagavad Gita

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Karma yoga

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doing one's caste duties without expecting a reward; selfless action

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Jnana yoga

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Jnana means knowledge or wisdom. Jnana yoga, the Hindu path of release based on intellectual knowledge, appeals to people who emphasize ration understanding of religious beliefs

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Raja yoga

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Path to salvation by disciplining the mind and body

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Bhakti yoga

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Personal devotion to deity. In Hinduism, a path that leads to salvation

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Laws of Manu

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A Hindu code of conduct compiled from about 200 BCE to 200 CE

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Samadhi

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Concentration that unifies; absorption

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Sannyasin

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One in the last stage of renunciation or detachment

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Puranas

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"Ancient Lore" treatises or the deities of popular Hinduism

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Tantras

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Religious treatises for developing latent powers in persons. Dialogues between Shiva and Shakti

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Brahma

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Ultimate reality; the creator

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Vishnu

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The Supreme Lord; the preserver

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Shiva

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The Auspicious; Ultimate Lord; the destroyer

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Avidya

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In Hinduism, the term means ignorance, or not seeing things as they are

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Untouchable

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In Hinduism, a person, often a Shudra, who is considered by upper castes to be too impure to allow physical contact. Untouchability has been abolished.

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Samskaras

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The sacraments or rites by which a Hindu is fully integrated into the community

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Upanayana

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The initiation rite indicating that a boy is a twice born person

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Janeu

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The sacred thread worn by the three upper castes

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Vivaha

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Marriage. The rite of entry into the second stage or ashram, that of house-holder

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Antyesti

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Funerals. Last rites

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Shradha

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Last rites. The prescribed rituals for the deceased

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Puja

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Hindu worship of deities. Brahmins often perform rituals desired by householders. The ritual worship of India