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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Power |
The totality of a country's international capabilities. Power is based on multiple resources, which alone or in concert allow one country to have its interests prevail in the international system. Power is especially important in enabling one state to achieve its goals when it clashes with the goals and wills of other international actors. |
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Social Overstretch Thesis |
The idea that spending money on altruistic social welfare programs to support the least productive people in society financially drains the economy |
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Power as Capabilities |
View that more capabilities = more power --no interaction involved --relies on assets --important capabilities are military, population, geography, economy, the government, and National Infrastructure |
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Power as Influence |
View that power is based upon interactions and strategies --power dimensions (1st, 2nd, 3rd) important |
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Relative Power |
The comparative power of national actors |
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Hard Power |
Type of power resting on negative incentives (threats, "sticks") and positive incentives (inducements, "carrots") |
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Soft Power |
The ability to persuade others to follow your lead by being an attractive example |
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National Geography and Power |
--Location (more neighbors, more problems) --Topography-- natural borders (mountain ranges, oceans) --Size (territorial and geographical; large size often an asset) --Climate |
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People and National Power |
--Population (more is usually better: low population = few workers + ppl enlisting) --Age distribution (demographic graying) --Education (quality and quantity) --Health _attitudes |
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Government and National Power |
--Administrative (bureaucratic) effectiveness --Leadership capabilities: a range of personal job skills including administrative skills, legislative skills, public persuasion abilities, and intellectual capacity that affect the authority of political leaders |
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National Infrastructure and Power |
--Overall technological availability and sophistication --Transportation system --Information and communications |
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Military Capabilities |
--State budget and expenditures (amount and economic burden) --weapons (quality & quantity) --Personnel (# of troops, recruit quality, training, morale, leadership) |
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Economic Capabilities |
--GDP and GDP per-capita use measures --Natural resources (less dependence on other states, produce + sell surplus) --Agricultural sector (if it's too large it is problematic) |
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Gross Domestic Product (GDP) |
A measure of income within a country that excludes foreign earnings. |
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Gross National Product (GNP); OR Gross National Income (GNI) |
A measure of the sum of all goods and services produced by a country's nationals, whether they are in the country or abroad. |
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Economic Nationalism |
The belief that the state should use its economic strength to further national interests, and that a state should use its power to build its economic strength. --Realist View --Emphasizes state power --Economic competition zero-sum --Expand state power through economy-- politics are a means of control --Worry about self-help, not others |
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Economic Internationalism |
The belief that international economic relations should and can be conductive cooperatively because the international economy is a non-zero-sum game in which prosperity is available to all. --Liberal view --Encourages free trade, capitalism, free economic exchange --Low state intervention --Help LDCs develop |
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Economic Internationalism
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The belief that international economic relations should and can be conducted cooperatively because the international economy is a non-zero-sum game in which prosperity is available to all.
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Justice |
--"what is right" --normative compliment that shapes laws --involves morality, ethics, and fairness --varies by society --unlike legal systems, which are a collection of laws that empirically exist |
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Civil Law (Code Law) |
--Judges follow law as written --Majority of the world follows civil law |
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Common Law |
Judges base rulings on written law, interpretation, and precedent (e.g: US, UK, India, Canada, Nigeria, etc.) |
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Occupation Thesis |
Society produces more suicide bombers when under foreign occupation. |
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Outbidding Thesis |
Terrorists engage in suicide bombings to compete with other groups for support. |
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Globalization of Martyrs Thesis |
Argues the rise of Al-Qaeda and Salafi Jihad contributed to rise of suicide attacks
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Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) |
A situation in which each nuclear superpower has the capability of launching a devastating nuclear second strike even after an enemy has attacked it. The belief that a MAD capacity presents nuclear war is the basis of deterrence by punishment theory. |
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Nuclear Utilization Theory (NUT) |
The belief that because nuclear war might occur, countries must be ready to fight, survive, and win a nuclear war. NUT advocates believe this posture will limit the damage if nuclear war occurs and also make nuclear war less likely by creating retaliatory options that are more credible than massive retaliation. |
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Dependency Theory |
The belief that the industrialized North has created a neocolonial relationship with the South in which the LDCs are dependent on and disadvantaged by their economic relations with the capitalist industrial countries. |
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World Systems Theory |
1) Western/capitalist political and economic domination created a hierarchy of states that is based on the gaps in a state's economic circumstances. Wealthy countries use capital to dominate lower tier states which are labor-intensive 2) The view that the world is something of an economic society brought about by the spread of capitalism and characterized by a hierarchy of countries and regions based on a gap in economic circumstance, by a division of labor between capital-intensive activities in wealthy countries and labor-intensive activities in poor country, and by the domination of lower tier countries and regions by upper tier ones. |
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) |
Buying stock, real estate, and other assets in another country with the aim of gaining a controlling interest in foreign economic enterprises. Different from portfolio investment, which involves investment soley to gain capital appreciation through market fluctuations. --tangible, manages day-to-day affairs, controlling interest --More common than FPI |
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Collective Action Problem (CAP) |
1) when a group(s) of self-interested individuals do not act to achieve their common interest 2) the situation in which multiple individuals would all benefit from a certain action, but has an associated cost making it implausible that any one individual can or will undertake and solve it alone. The rational choice is then to undertake this as a collective action the cost of which is shared. |
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International Monetary Fund (IMF)
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The world's primary organization devoted to maintaining monetary stability by helping countries to fund balance-of-payment deficits. Est. 1947, now has 170 members. Originally designed to stablize the international monetary system by linking currencies to gold and setting limits on how much countries could unilaterally change the value of their currencies relative to gold.
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World Bank (WB) |
Two of the four agencies in the World Bank Group, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA). Grant loans to LDCs for economic development and other financial needs. |
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General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) |
--The world's primary organization promoting the expansion of free trade Est. 1947, first in a series of trade agreements --Signed in Geneva --Goal to lower trade barriers and avoid trade wars --Guided direction of international trade --Limited authority |
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Protectionism |
1) Imposition of barriers to restrict imports 2) Using tariffs or nontariff barriers such as quotas or subsidies to protect a domestic economic sector from competition from imported goods or services. |
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Subsidies |
1) A payment of funds by the government for which it receives no good or service in return 2) a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low; a form of financial or "in kind" support to extend an economic sector (or institution, business, or individual) generally with the aim of promoting economic and social policy |
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Import quotas |
A limit imposed by a state on a specific import (either quantity or value) |
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Dumping |
Settling goods below cost, selling goods abroad at lower price than home market, or both |
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Trade Barriers |
Any state limitation on the international exchange of goods |
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Tariff |
Tax imposed on imports by a state |
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Nontariff barriers to trade |
1) Obstacles to trade other than tariffs 2) a nonmonetary restriction on trade, such as quotas, technical specifications, or unnecessarily lengthy quarantine and inspection procedures |
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Inflation |
The rise in the prices of goods and services in an economy --Purchasing power of a currency diminishes (very common) |
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Real (constant) dollars |
Reports values in terms of a base year and adjusts for inflation |
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Current (nominal) dollars |
Figures that do not adjust for yearly inflation |
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Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) |
1) foreign investor purchases claim on a foreign company or its income, but does not actively engage or manage the investment 2) investment in the stocks and the public and private debt instruments (such as bonds) of another country below the level where the stock or bondholder can exercise control over the policies of the stock-issuing company or the bond-issuing debtor --buying securities-- no controlling ownership --not tangible-- no controlling ownership --takes a substantial amount of commitment because it invests in infrastructure |
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World Trade Organization (WTO) |
--The organization that replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) organization as the body that implements GATT, the treaty. --the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. |
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Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) |
reciprocal trade agreements including two or more states that lower some sort of trade barrier in order to promote international trade |
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Economic Sanctions |
Economic measures imposed by a country or international governmental organization on one or more countries to change their behavior. These sanctions include such tools as refusing to purchase another country's product, refusing to sell it something that it needs, freezing its accounts in your country, or imposing punitive tariffs and quotas on its products. |
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Multilateralism |
Taking important international actions, especially those using military force, within the framework of a multilateral organization such as the United Nations. |
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Multilateral Foreign Aid |
Foreign aid distributed by international organizations such as the United Nations. |
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Unilateralism |
Occurs when a single country, perhaps leading a small coalition of other countries, takes an important international action, such as using force, without the approval of an IGO |
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Legal Systems |
Collections of laws that empirically exist |
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The International Court of Justice (ICJ) |
The world court, which sits in The Haugue, the Netherlands --Principal Organ of the UN --15 judges w/ 9 year terms (5 from UN security council states) --Tries states, power comes from state's willingness to submit --Lacks enforcement mechanism --Security Council can veto |
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Adjudication |
The legal process of deciding an issue through the courts |
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International Criminal Court (ICC) |
The permanent criminal court with jurisdiction ov genocide and other crimes against humanity. Seated in The Hague, the Netherlands. Established 1998, operations began in 2002. --Legally independent of the UN --Trials occur only if domestic country ignores war crimes --People can only be indicted if their state signed (36 people so far) --122 signed, not all ratified (including US and Russia) |
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War |
Sustained combat involving organized armed forces resulting in a minimum of 1,000 battle-related fatalities within a year. |
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Inter-state Wars |
--state(s) vs. state(s) i.e: WWI, WWII, Iraq War
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Extra-state wars
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--state(s) vs. non-state actors (colonies)
--the wars for independence --i.e. American Revolutions |
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Intra-state wars |
--state vs. non-state actor(s) –within a state
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Non-state wars |
Conducted by non-state actors which take place beyond the confines of one state - very uncommon --Such entities include governments of other types of geopolitical units (GPUs),
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Terrorism |
The use of violence by organizations other than the national government in order to cause fear or intimidation among the target population
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Primary Motives of Terrorism |
1) Coerce 2) Gain Support |
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Demonstrative Terrorism |
The least aggressive type of terrorism, used to gain publicity and attract supporters. |
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Destructive Terrorism |
More aggressive than demonstrative terrorism, this type of terrorism uses strong coercion and stronger attempts to attract support |
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Suicide Terrorism |
--The most aggressive form of terrorism. Coerces opponents at the cost of losing sympathy and support. --e.g. Al-Qaeda, Hamas, ISIS |
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Domestic Terrorism |
Attacks by local nationals within their country against a purely domestic target for domestic reasons |
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International Terrorism |
attacking a foreign target, either within the country or abroad |
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State Terrorism |
Terrorism carried out directly by an established government's clandestine operatives or by others who have been specifically encouraged and funded by a country |
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Transnational Terrorist Groups |
Those that operate across borders or have cells and members in more than one country |
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The Non-Proliferation Treaty |
A multilateral treaty concluded in 1968, then renewed and made permanent in 1995. The parties to the treaty agree not to transfer nuclear weapons or in any way "assist, encourage, or induce any nonnuclear state to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons." (Bans states w/nuclear weapons from supplying them to non-nuclear states) Nonnuclear signatories of the NPT also agree not to build or accept nuclear weapons. |
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Comparative Advantage |
The ability of a state or firm to produce a particular good or service more efficiently than other goods or services relative to other states or firms
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Opportunity Cost |
1) amount of other products foregone/sacrificed to produce a unit of a specific product 2) the benefits you could have received by taking an alternative action
e.g. The opportunity cost of going to college is the money you would have earned if you worked instead. On the one hand, you lose four years of salary while getting your degree; on the other hand, you hope to earn more during your career, thanks to your education, to offset the lost wages.
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Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) |
Generally deemed to be nuclear weapons with a tremendous capability to destroy a population and the planet, but also include some exceptionally devastating conventional arms, such as fuel-air explosives, as well as biological, and chemical weapons. WMD warfare refers to the application of force between countries using biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons. |
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Market Economy |
Firms and individuals exchange goods and services with minimal state interference (laissez-faire) |
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Capitalist Economy |
A market economy that includes property and contract rights (US, UK, Canada) |
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Command Economy |
Prices, property, and production are directly controlled by the state (USSR, Laos, Burma) |
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Mixed Economy |
Combines element of the market and command economy systems e.g. China |
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Social-Market Economy |
a form of market capitalism combined with a social policy favoring social insurance
Includes Germany and other European states |
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The Market |
Institution that brings together buyers (consumers) and sellers (producers) of particular goods, services, or resources |
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Law of Demand
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as price falls, the quantity demanded rises; as prices rise, the quantity demanded falls
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Law of Supply |
As price rises, the quantity supplied rises; as price falls, the quantity supplied falls |
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Humanitarian Intervention |
the introduction of foreign forces into a sovereign country in the name of protecting or saving the lives of the country's civilian population. Such interventions have deep historical roots and have been both unilateral and multilateral. --If employed erratically and unilaterally by states, the practice runs the risk of abuse either from (1): moral justifications making self-interested power grabs by one country against another or (2) humanitarianism given to some but not all |
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Responsibility to Protect (R2P) |
A phenomenon related to, but distinct from, humanitarian intervention. A specific mandate enshrined in the 2005 UN World Summit Outcome Document. Building off a Canadian proposal of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), the UN World Summit concluded with states agreeing to three principles: (1) the responsibility of the state to protect its own people from harm, (2) the commitment of the international community to assist states in providing this protection, and (3) the responsibility of member states of the UN to respond to a crisis when a state is unable or unwilling to provide that protection.
--actions meant to trigger R2P: war crimes, genocide, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity |
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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) |
An organization formed by a number of governments when the petroleum industry was becoming largely dominated by MNCs in order to strengthen their state-owned petroleum production companies. Formed by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Includes 11 member countries today. OPEC is part of what drew the US and many other countries into Middle Eastern politics. |
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The Naturalist School of Law |
International school of law which believes humans have certain rights and obligations/believe that law springs from the rights and obligations that humans have by nature.
e.g. Hobbes, Locke, Kant, Jefferson |
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The Positivist School of Law |
International School of law which believes laws reflect societal norms/law reflects society and the way that people want the society to operate
e.g. John Austin, Jeremy Bentham |
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John Austin |
Best known for his work developing the theory of legal positivism. Attempted in this to clearly separate moral rules from "positive law." The three basic points of Austin's theory of law are that: (1) the law is command issued by the uncommanded commander—the sovereign; (2) such commands are backed by threats of sanctions; and (3) a sovereign is one who is habitually obeyed. Utilitarian thinking greatly influenced by Jeremy Bentham |
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Jeremy Bentham |
Utilitarian philosopher who argued that sovereigns should observe international law because it would be mutually beneficial to do so. Coined the phrase "international law" |
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Ideological/Theological School of Law |
1) International school of law which believes religion and ideology to be the central source of law 2) A set of related ideas in secular or religious though, usually founded on identifiable thinkers and their works, that offers a more or less comprehensive picture of reality e.g. Thomas Aquinas, St. Augustine, Confucius, Buddha, etc. |
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Globalization |
A multifaceted concept that represents the increasing integration of economics, communications, and culture across national boundaries |
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Bourgeoisie |
(Marxist theory) the capitalist class who own most of society's wealth/capital and means of productionl. |
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Proletariat |
(Marxist theory) "Labor class" -- labors for wages |
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Core Countries (World Systems Theory) |
Describes dominant capitalist countries which exploit the peripheral countries for labor and raw materials. |
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Peripheral Countries (World Systems Theory) |
Peripheral countries are dependent on core countries for capital and have underdeveloped industry. |
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Semi-peripheral Countries (World Systems Theory) |
Peripheral countries are dependent on core countries for capital and have underdeveloped industry. |
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Multinational Corporations (MNCs) |
Private enterprises that have production subsidiaries or branches in more than one country |
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Uruguay Round |
The eighth round of GATT negotiations to reduce tariffs and nontariff barriers to trade. The eighth round was convened in Punta del Este, Uruguay, in 1986 and its resulting agreements were signed in Marrakesh, Morocco, in April 1994. |
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North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) |
Seeks to create a continent-wide free trade zone (economic liberalization and increased globalization) within which goods, capital, and information circulate freely.
--However, the participating governments (US, Canada, and Mexico) have chosen not do address the issue of the movement of labor, leaving unauthorized labor migration to be suppressed by police actions at the border and via coercive international sanctions. |
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MERCOSUR |
the "Common Market of the South"
an economic and political agreement among Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay (which is currently suspended), and Uruguay to promote the free movement of goods, services and people among member states. Mercosur's primary interest has been eliminating obstacles to regional trade, such as high tariffs and income inequalities. The Mercosur trade bloc's purpose, as stated in the 1991 Treaty of Asunción, is to allow for free trade between member states, with the ultimate goal of full South American economic integration. |
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Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) |
A regional organization that emphasizes trade relations, established in 1967; now includes Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma), the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam |
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Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) |
An economic theory employed by developing or emerging market nations that wish to increase their self-sufficiency and decrease their dependency on developed countries. Implementation of the theory focuses on protection and incubation of domestic infant industries so they may emerge to compete with imported goods and make the local economy more self-sufficient. _________________________________________________ Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) came to emergence in the post-World War II era in Latin American countries. ISI seeks to protect local industries through various avenues such as tariffs, import quotas and subsidized government loans. Those countries practicing ISI seek to develop production channels for every stage of a product, not just the final product. ISI runs counter to the economic theory of comparative advantage, where countries specialize in the production of goods in which they have a particular advantage, and then engage in international trade.
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Proscriptive Rights |
Prohibitions to having something done to an individual or a group. These rights are usually expressed in such terms as "the government may not..." |
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Prescriptive Rights |
Obligations on a society and its government to try to provide a certain qualitative standard of life that, at a minimum, meets the basic needs and perhaps does not differ radically from the quality of life enjoyed by others in the society. These rights are usually expressed in such terms as "The government shall..." |
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Universalism |
Subscribing to the belief that human rights are derived from sources external to society, such as from a theological, ideological, or natural rights basis |
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Relativism |
The belief that human rights are the product of cultures. |
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Bretton Woods System |
The international monetary system that was created in 1944 at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. It was based on fixed-but-adjustable exchange rates in an attempt to provide a stable international monetary policy to manage the domestic economy. The system collapsed in 1973. It is thus the last time that governments attempted to create and maintain an international monetary system based on some form of fixed exchange rate. |
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Exchange Rate System |
A set of rules that specify the amount by which currencies can appreciate and depreciate in the foreign exchange market. Under a fixed exchange rate system, the rules require governments to restrict currency movements to a narrow range around some central rate. In a floating exchange rate system, governments can allow their currencies to move as much as they desire. |
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The International Covenant on Economic, Social, Cultural Rights (ICESCR) |
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) is a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 16 December 1966, and in force from 3 January 1976. It commits its parties to work toward the granting of economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR) to the Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories and individuals, including labour rights and the right to health, the right to education, and the right to an adequate standard of living (prescriptive rights) |
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The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights |
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) is a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 16 December 1966, and in force from 23 March 1976. It commits its parties to respect the civil and political rights of individuals, including the right to life, freedom of religion, freedom of speech,freedom of assembly, electoral rights and rights to due process and a fair trial. As of April 2014, the Covenant has 74 signatories and 168 parties. Focuses on proscriptive rights and civil liberties. |
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The Convention on the Rights of the Child |
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (commonly abbreviated as the CRC, CROC, or UNCRC) is a human rights treaty which sets out the civil, political, economic, social, health and cultural rights of children. The Convention defines a child as any human being under the age of eighteen, unless the age of majority is attained earlier under a state's own domestic legislation. Nations that ratify this convention are bound to it by international law. Compliance is monitored by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, which is composed of members from countries around the world. |
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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
A declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948 at the Palais de Chaillot, Paris. The Declaration arose directly from the experience of the Second World War and represents the first global expression of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled. Contains 30 articles. Very liberal and universalist ideas.
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Environmental Pessimists (alarmists) |
Believe: * Human activity is having detrimental effects on biosphere (ozone, rise in global temp, melting of polar icecaps)* Primarily from states + companies trying to further economic growth * Science not fast enough * Issues such as food and water shortages can lead to new, increased hostilities/conflict among states |
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Environmental Optimists (Skeptics) |
Believe: * Human activity is having a minimal effect on environment* Human activity is being properly managed/monitored/regulated already * New innovative technology and science will solve existing problems (water, food shortages, droughts, flooding) |
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Sustainable Development |
The process of protecting the environment while simultaneously advancing the human standards of living and growing economically; economic development that is conducted without depletion of natural resources. |
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United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) (Earth Summit 1) |
A major UN conference held in Rio de Janiero in 1992. The goal was to define sustainable development and how to achieve it. |
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Agenda 21 |
The first "blueprint" for the topic of sustainable development. Non-binding, voluntary agenda. Product of UNCED. The "21" refers to the 21st century and the goal is to help the environment. |
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The Convention of Biological Diversity |
Multilateral treaty opened during the Earth Summit. Promotes sustainable use + equitable sharing of anything from the ecosystem. recognized for the first time in international law that the conservation of biological diversity is "a common concern of humankind" and is an integral part of the development process. The agreement covers all ecosystems, species, and genetic resources. It links traditional conservation efforts to the economic goal of using biological resources sustainably. It sets principles for the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources, notably those destined for commercial use. It also covers the rapidly expanding field of biotechnology through its Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, addressing technology development and transfer, benefit-sharing and biosafety issues. Importantly, the Convention is legally binding; countries that join it ('Parties') are obliged to implement its provisions. |
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The Framework Convention on Climate Change (UFCCC) |
Earth Summit Convention. * Goal to stabilize GHG emission-- not binding, but provided framework/precedent * Every member of UN ratified treaty (very successful diplomatic effort) |
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World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) (Earth Summit II) |
Took place in Johannesburg, South Africa from 26 August to 4 September 2002. It was convened to discuss sustainable development by the United Nations. WSSD gathered a number of leaders from business and non-governmental organizations, 10 years after the first Earth Summit. Not as successful as the first. 8,000 NGOs present- most of world sent reps. Established measurable targets/timetables for Agenda 2.
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Kyoto Protocol |
Agreement under UNFCCC. A supplement to the Global Warming Convention (1992) that required the economically developed countries to reduce GHG emissions by about 7% below their 1990 levels by 2012 and encouraged, but did not require, LDCs to reduce emissions. Successful-- GHG 16% collectively cut from 1990. GHG still went up overall from LDCs. US did not ratify but still met the goal. |
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Global Warming |
Empirically (based on observation/experience) occurring. Debate on cause – human activity vs. natural. Concept is a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.
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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) |
an international body that produces reports that support the UNFCCC. Reports cover "the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation." thousands of scientists involves. does not CONDUCT research-- assesses and reviews. |
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International Regime |
A set of norms, rules, and decision-making procedures that allow participating members to coordinate their actions and jointly achieve their foreign policy goals. Not synonymous with international organizations, but can be built around them. |
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Neoliberalism |
The belief that conflict and other ills that result from the anarchical international system can be eased by building global and regional organizations and processes that will allow people, groups, countries, and other international actors to cooperate for their mutual benefit. |
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Free Trade |
Tinternational trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions. |
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The Arctic Council |
The Arctic Council is a high-level intergovernmental forum that addresses issues faced by the Arctic governments and the indigenous people of the Arctic. It has eight member countries: Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States. |
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The Arctic Five |
Spurred on by the Russian flag-planting and news stories heralding "a battle for resources" and "a scramble for territory," five members of the Arctic Council-- those that have territory that extends into the Arctic Ocean-- met in Illulissat, Greenland, in 2008 to discuss the future of Arctic Governance. The Arctic Five is: US, Russia, Denmark, Norway, and Canada |
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Coercive Diplomacy |
The use of threats or force as a diplomatic tactic. |
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The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) |
The IAEA works for the safe, secure and peaceful uses of nuclear science and technology. Its key roles contribute to international peace and security, and to the world's Millennium Goals for social, economic and environmental development. |
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The states with nuclear weapons (The Nuclear Powers) (9)
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The P5 (US, Russia, China, UK, France), India, Israel, Pakistan, and North Korea
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Group of Eight (G8) |
The seven economically largest market economies: Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and the US, plus Russia. "G8" can refer to the member states in aggregate or to the annual summit meeting of the G8 heads of government. |
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Group of 20 |
the latest in a series of initiatives aimed at international coordination of economic policy, which have been prominent since the efforts during World War II to create some form of international or global economic governance, including through the "Bretton Woods twins", the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and what is now the World Trade Organization. |
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Six Criteria of a Civil War |
1) Within the boundaries of a recognized state 2) War is over control of a state 3) At least two groups fighting 4) One combatant is a state 5) At least 1000 battle deaths per-year, average 6) Both sides capable in defense and harm |
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Imperial Overstretch Thesis |
The idea that attempting to maintain global order through leadership as a hegemon, especially through military power, is detrimental to the hegemon's existence |
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The Maastricht Treaty (Treaty on the European Union) |
The most significant agreement in the recent history of the EU. Signed by leaders of the EU's 12 member-countries in December 1991 and outlined steps toward further political-economic integration |
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Era of Interdependence
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(1973-1989) Began when US decided to devalue its currency and Bretton Woods subsequently came to an end. Free-float currencies. increase in economic growth. Rise in trade protectionism. Greater liberalization and interdependence of world economies (technological innovation and communications). LDCs challenge global powers.
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Era of Globalization |
(1989-Present) Collapse of USSR. Very high levels of international interactions. Prevelant neoliberalism-- deregulation, privatization, low investment restrictions, high capital mobility. Increase in economic crises. free trade, open markets. command system disappearing. |
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Export-Led Growth (ELG) |
Growth of an economy over time that is thought to be caused ELG looked outward - competitive from start by expansion on the country's exports. |
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Regionalism |
On the rise since 1990s. Reasons for Regionalism: |
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World Bank Role |
Primary lender to South
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