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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Estimates of distinct Languages in the world |
2,000-4,000 |
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100 languages are spoken |
5 million people
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70 languages are spoken by |
2 million people |
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Language |
is a system of communication through speech. |
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Language and communication |
have a literary tradition or a system of written communication. the lack of written record makes it difficult to document the distribution of many languages. |
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Countries and Languages |
designate at least one as the official one. a country with more than one may require all public documents to be in all languages. |
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Globalization |
The ever increasing exchange of people's ideas goods and services |
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Language today the study of language |
logically from migration |
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English Language |
has achieved an unprecedented globalization |
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The global distribution of language results from 2 geographic processes |
Interaction and isolation |
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The European Language tree Indo-European Language Family |
resulted from migration and subsequent isolation of people that could only reconstruct thru linguistic and archaeological theories. Germanic, Romance, Balt-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian. |
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Countries and Language continued: Language families Germanic/Western Germanic |
English is in the West Germanic Group and in the low Germanic subgroup, Frisian,high German low German, dutch Flemish as well as Danish, sweetish, Icelandic, Norwegian Gothic. |
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Countries and Language continued:
Language families Romance/Latin/Italic |
French, Italian, Spanish, Romanian, Osco-umbrian |
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Countries and Language continued:
Language families Celtic/Britanic/Proto-celtic |
Cornish, Breton, Welsh, Scottish, Irish, Gaulish, Manx. |
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Countries and Language continued:
Language families Slavonic/Southern slavic, Proto-Russian/Westerm slavic/Islavic |
Polish, Czech, Great Russian, White Russian, Ukrania, Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian |
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Countries and Language continued:
Language families Baltic |
Old Prussian, Lithuanian, Latva, |
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Countries and Language continued:Language families
Anatolian |
Hittite, Palaic, Lydian, Luwian, Lycian |
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Countries and Language continued:Language families
Iranian/Old Iranian |
Persian, Pashto, Baluchi |
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Countries and Language continued:Language families
Indic/sandskirt/Indo-irani |
Hindi,Marathi, Guarati, Panjabi, Bengali |
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Countries and Language continued:Language families
Greek |
Arcadian, Aeolic, Ionic, Doric |
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Issue 1 Origin, Diffusion, and Dialects of English: English is the official language in |
42 countries, including some in which it is not the most widely spoken language. It is also used and understood in many others. |
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Origin and Diffusion of English |
it exist because the people of England migrated with their language when they established colonies during the past 4 centuries. diffused west from England to north america in the seventeenth century |
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origin of English in England |
The tribes from mainland Europe invaded pushing the Celts ino the remote northern and western parts of the British Isles |
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Invasions of England 5th-11th centuries |
The groups that brought what became English to England included Jutes, Angles, Saxons, and Vikings. The Normans later brought French vocabulary to English. |
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Norman Invasion |
England was conquered by the Normans in 1066. the Normans came from present day Normandy in France and spoke French. |
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The Queens English
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upper-class Britons living in the London area, speak (BRP) British Received Pronunciation.
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Dialect |
a regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation. |
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English |
has an especially large number of dialects. |
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Basis of English originated with 3 invading groups who settled in different parts of Britain. |
Anglo's - Saxon's- Jutes |
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Differences between British and American English 3 different ways |
vocabulary, Native American names were borrowed. spelling, independent identity was necessary. pronunciation would help establish a national language, reduce cultural dependence on England and inspire national pride. |
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Dialects in the US The original American settlements group into 3 areas |
New England (Puritans from East Anglia) Middle Atlantic came from the (North of England and Southeastern came from southeast England |
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20th Century Homogeny |
words that were once regionally distinctive are now national in distribution. Mass media, TV, and radio influence the adoption of the same words throughout the country. |
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Issue 2: The Indo-European Language Family Branches of Indo-European |
Germanic branch, Indo-Iranian branch, Balto-salvic branch, Romance branch |
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Indic (Eastern) Group of Indo Iranian Language Branch |
The most widely used languages in India belong to the _____ group. |
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Hindi |
one third of Indians in India use this language |
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Devanagari |
the official way to write the Hindi Language Uses a script called.... |
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Paksistan |
language is Urdu written with the Arabic alphabet |
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South Asian Languages and Language Families Indo-European |
the largest of four main language in South Asia |
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South Asian Languages continued: The country of India has how many official languages |
18 official languages |
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Slavic Language |
once a single language The most spoken West Slavic language is Polish |
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Romance Branch of Indo-European 3 of the most widely spoken languages |
Spanish, French, and Portugues |
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Creole |
language that results from the mixing of the colonizer's language with the indigenous language. simplifying the grammar. |
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The word creole derives from |
a word in several Romance languages for a slave who is born in the masters house |
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Kurgan Theory of Indo-European Origin Proto-Indo-European diffused from the |
Kurgan hearth North of the Caspian Sea beginning about 7,000 years ago |
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Anatolian Hearth Theory of Indo-European Origin In the Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European originated in |
Turkey before the Kurgans and diffused through agricultural expasion. |
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Issue 3 Distribution of Other Language Families Language families of the World |
Afro-Asiatic, Atlaic, Amerindian, Australian, Austro-Asiatic, Austronesian, Caucasian. |
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Major Language Families Percentage of World Population |
50% of Indo-European, 24% Sino-Tibetan, 6% Afro-Asiatic |
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Language Family Trees continued Sino-Tibetan Family |
encompasses languages spoken in the peoples republic of China as well as several smaller countries in Southeast Asia. |
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Sinitic Branch-Chinese Languages |
There is no single Chinese language. Mandarin is spoken by three fourths of the Chinese people. the Chinese government is imposing Mandarin countrywide. |
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Structure of Chinese Language |
based on 420 one syllable words. 2 one-syllable words can be combined |
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Chinese Ideograms (pictures) |
mostly represent concepts rather than sounds. |
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Austro-Thai and Tibeto-Burman |
two smaller branches in the Chinese language. |
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Distinctive Language Families- Japanese |
Chinese cultural traits have diffused into this society. is written in part with Chinese ideograms, but it also uses two systems of phonetic symbols. |
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Distinctive Language Families- Korean |
is usually classified as a separate language family. is not written with ideograms but in a system known as hankul. each letter represents a sound |
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Distinctive Language Families- Vietnamese |
Austro-Asiatic, spoken by about 1% of the worlds population, is based in southeast asia. its alphabet was devised in the seventh century by Roman Catholic missionaries. |
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Afro-Asiatic Language Family |
once referred to as the Semito-hamitic language family inludes Arabic and Hebrew as well as a number of languages spoken primarily in northern Africa and southwestern Asia. Arabic is the major Afro-Asiatic language, |
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Altaic and Uralic language families |
Altaic and Uralic Once thought to be linked as one family because the two display similar word formation, grammatical endings, and other structural elements. |
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Altaic Languages |
Turkic, Mongolian, Tungus, Korean, Japanes |
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3 countries the Indo-European do not dominate |
Estonia, Finland, and Hungry |
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Language Families of Africa |
1,000 or more languages divided into 5 main language families including Austronesian languages in Madagascar |
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Niger-Congo Language Family |
more than 95 % of the people in sub Saharan Africa speak languages of the ______ . |
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Swahili |
The largest branch of the Niger-Congo family is the Benue-Congo branch, and its most important language is ______. Its vocabulary has strong Arabic influences. one of the few African languages with an extensive literature. |
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Nilo-Saharan Language Family |
These languages are spoken by a few million people in north central Africa, immediately north of the Niger-Congo language region. the best known of these languages is Maasai, spoken by the tall warrior-herdsmen of east Africa. |
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Khoisan Language Family 3rd important language family of sub-Saharan Africa |
Khoisan language use clicking sounds |
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Austronesian Language Family |
6% of the world's population speak this language, once known as the Malay-Polynesian family. the people of Madagascar speak Malagasy. which belongs to the Austronesian family. |
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Languages of Nigeria |
Africa's most populous country, it displays problems that can arise form the presence of many speakers of many languages. Nigeria reflects the problems that can ares when great cultural diversity and therefore language diversity is packed into a realty small region |
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Languages in Nigeria continued |
more than 200 languages are spoken here the largest country in Africa. English is the official language. |
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Issue 4: Language Diversity and Uniformity Preserving Language Diversity |
thousands of languages are extinct, the eastern amazon region of Peru in the sixteenth century had more than 500 languages. only 57 survive today, The last speakers of Gothic lived in the Crimea in Russia in the sixteenth century. |
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Hebrew: Reviving Extinct Langauges |
Is a rare case of an extinct language that has been revived, only used for Jewish religious services. this language became one of the new country's 2 official languages, along with Arabic. Initiated by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, invented 4,000 new Hebrew words related when possible to ancient ones. created the first modern Hebrew dictionary. |
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Celtic: Preseving Endangered Languages |
2 thousand years ago this language was spoken in much of present-day Germany, France, and northern Italy, as well as in the British Isles. Today survives only in remoter parts of Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, and on the Brittany peninsula of France. |
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Celtic Groups divided into 2 groups |
Goidelic and Brythonic Goidelic languages survive:irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic only 75,000 people speak this language. Brythonic also called Cymric or Britannic about one-fourth of the people in Wales still use Welsh as their primary language. |
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Revival of Celtic Languages |
efforts have prevented the disappearance of this language. Britain's 1988 education Act made Welsh language training a compulsory subject in all schools in Wales An Irish-language TV station began in 1996 a couple hundred people have now become fluent in the formerly extinct Cornish language which was revived in the 1920s |
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Multilingual states |
Difficulties can arise at the boundary between two languages. The boundary between the Romance and Germanic branches runs through the middle of Belgium and Switzerland. Belgium has had more difficulty than Switzerland in reconciling the interests of the different language speakers. |
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Language Division in Belgium |
here has been much tension in Belgium between Flemings, who live in the north and speak Flemish, A Dutch dialect, and Walloons, who live in the south and speak French |
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Language Areas in Switzerland |
remains peaceful with four official languages and a decentralized government structure. German, French, Italian, Romansh. |
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French-English boundary in Canada |
although Canada is bilingual, French speakers are concentrated in the province of Quebec, where 80% of the population speaks French. |
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Isolated Languages |
A language unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family. Arise through lack of interaction with speakers of other languages. |
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A Pre-Indo-European Survivor Basque |
The best example of an isolated language in Europe is Basque. Basque is spoken by 1 million people in the Pyrenees Mountains. |
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An Unchanging Language: Icelandic |
Is unlike Basque, ____is related to other languages, significance is that over the past thousand years it has changed less than any other in the Germanic branch. |
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Global Dominance of English |
One of the most fundamental needs in a global society is a common language for communication the language of intentional communication is ____ |
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Internet Hosts |
A large proportion of the world's _____ users and hosts are in the developed countries of North America and Western Europe |
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Internet Hosts by language |
The majority of ________ in 1999 used English, Chinese, Japanese, or European languages. English 37% Chinese 11% Japanese 10% |
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English: An Example of a Lingua Fanca |
A language of international communication(Internet) is known as a lingua franca. term which means language of the Franks, was originally applied by Arab traders during the Middle Ages to describe the language they used to communicate with Europeans, whom they called Franks. also a pidgin language a group that learns English or another lingua franca. include Swahili in east Africa, Hindustani in South Asia, and Russian in the former soviet Union. |
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African-American Lingua Franca |
Examples include dialects spoken by African-Americans and residents of Appalachia. African-American slaves preserved a distinctive dialect in part to communicate in a code not understood by their white masters. The american speech, Language and Hearing Association has classified Ebonics as a distinct dialect, with a recognized vocabulary, grammar and word meaning. |
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Franglais |
The French are particularly upset with the increasing worldwide domination of English. French is an official language in 26 countries and for hundreds of years served as the lingua franca for international diplomats. The widespread use of English in the French language is called _____, a combination of fracqais and anglais, the French worsd for french and English. |
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Spanglish |
is a richer integration of English with Spanish than the mere borrowing of English words. New words have been invented in Spanglish that do not exist in English but would be useful if they did. has become especially widespread in popular culture, such as song lyrics, tv, and magazines aimed at young Hispanic women, but has also been adopted by writers of serous literature. |
