World Music: Afro Cuban

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What is "Latin" Dance Music

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Oye Coma Va: sung written by Tito Puente

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Tito Puente

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Musican
born and raised in NY
Afro Cuban Music

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Roots of afro Cuban Music

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African Roots

European Roots

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African Roots

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Trade in African slaves is at its peak
Slaves are primarily from the Yoruba region of Africa (w.africa+Nigeria).
The Yoruba people are called "Lucumi" in Cuba

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Yoruba religion

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nature and ancestor worship system
one supreme deity (olodumare) but also has multiple deities (orishas)
Animal sacrifice
Putting oneself into a trance state to communicate with ancestors

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Bata

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Sacred drumming of Yoruba

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Yoruba religion in Cuba

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Yoruban slaves had their religion outlawes and were forced to be baptized into Catholicism
In order to sustain their beliefs the slaves masked their "Orishas" as saints

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Santeria

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This over worshiping of saints was given the derogatory name

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Bata Drumming and Santeria Rituals became the basis for Cuban "Rumba" Music

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Bata Drums:
Okonkolo (small-baby)
itotele (middle-father)
iya (large-mother)
Drummer/singers perform hundreds of different "Togues" (compositions) from memory.
Each one focases on a different orisha.

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"Toques"

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composition for Orisha

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Rumba in the 1800s

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Rumba music develops in rural havana and matanzas area of high African concentration
only drums, voice, and dancing

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Rumba ensemble includes

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conga drums: conga, segunda, Quinto
Pallitos (wookblock)
shekere
Clave
Singers

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Three types of Cuban Rumba Music/Dance

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yambu
Columbia
Guaguanco

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Rumba Yambu

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"old people's Rumba"

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Rumba Columbia

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primarily in 6/8

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Rumba Gaguanco

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Onomatopoeically named for Tres Golpea
Flirtacious dance feuturing the "rooster" and the "hen"

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European Roots

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1492- Columbus lands in Cuba
My the mid 1500s the indigenous people of Cuba are all but wiped out due to massacres and disease

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European Settlement in Latin America

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Netherlands: Lesser Antilles (Curanao&Bonair)
England: Bahamas, Burmuda, Trinidad, and Tobago
Portugal: Brazil
France: Haiti (W. side of Hispaniola)
Spain, Cuba, and Dominican republic (E. side of Hispaniola)

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European Music brought to Cuba

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Opera: Zarzuela, Bufo
Symphonic music/ance: Contradanza, Danza, Danzon
Chamber Music
Peasant Music (Troubadore: Musica Campesina, trova)

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timeline of European Influence in Cuba

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Contradanza- brought by french colonists when fleeing from haitian revolution 1790s
Danza-more elaborate and ornate version of the

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Danza

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more elaborate version of the Contradanza (often played on solo piano, closely associated with Ragtime)

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Habanera

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One of the first internationally successful Cuban dance/music styles
defined by signature rhythmic cell

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Danzon

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national dance of Cuba
first was "altura de simpson" written in 1879 bymiguel Failde
performed by orchestra tipicas

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orchestra Tipicas

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string woodwinds brass timpani
replaced by Carenga Francesca: one flute two violins, piano, contrabass, timbales, guiro
(rhythm 8th-16th-8th-16th-8th)

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Typical Danzon Form

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A Intro and Paseo
B principle Melody
A
C features strings, typically changes key
D SECTION

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Brothers Isreal "Cachao" and Ortez Lopez

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expanded typical Danzon to include a new "D" section origianlly called the "Nuevo Ritmo" but eventually called the "mambo"

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Mambo

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"D" section of Danzon
-incorporated new harmonic material (often static) and set up a vamp over which band members could improvise.
A simple piano vamp during this section would before the "Montuno"
development of the Mambo, led to a fusion of African and European styles and a new sound in Musical Cuban music called "Son"

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Montuno

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the simple piano section in a Mambo

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Son

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The new sound in Cuban music instigated by the development of the Mambo
"Sound"
originated in the oriente province circa 1909
Mix of Spanish troubador styles (Music Campesina of Trova) and African style

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Early Son instrumentation

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tres, maracas, Bongos, Guiro, Bass instrument (marimbula or Botija)

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Styles with roots in Son

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Cha cha, Salsa, and Mambo

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Son form

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Decima: octosyllabic ten-line verse
Estibillio: Refrain in call-and-response fashion, solo singer (Sonero) often improvises text or instrumentalists solo 9became known as Montuno)

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Sonero

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solo singer in Son

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montuno

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What 2nd part of Son form became known as! (Estribillio)

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Musical layers of Son

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Bass plays the "tumbao"
percussion plays 8th note based rythms
tres plays ornate "Guajira" rhythms
Vocals on top

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sub genres of Son

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Son Montuno
Son Guaguanco
Mambo
Salsa

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Mambo

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Developed in the 1930s and 19402 as amirror to the Big band Jazz developing in the United States
The term Mambo comes from the D sections addded to Danzon's by Isreal and Orestes Lopez
BUT very different from Danzon, much FASTER with more rhythmic syncopation and complexity
became a dance club craze in Cuba and the U.S.

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mambo orchestra

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mirrors Big Band instrumentation

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Cha Cha

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Simplified Mambo (far less crazy syncopation) for general appeal
named after the cha-cha-cha dance step
first ever recoded was "la Enganadora

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Enrique Jorrin

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composer and bandleader of Cha cha
head of "orquestra America"

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Salsa

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Following Cuban revolution in 1950, many DCuban and puerto Rican musicians migrated to the US via NYC
new music scene called "Nuyorican" scene, led to sstrong back and forth trading of musical idea between NY (jazz) and Cuba (mambo, Rumba)
intermingling of Jazz, rock, and Afro-cuban music led to style called Salsa in 1960s and 1970s

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Salsa: form

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Intro
A verse/decima-> bridge (often repeats once)
(break optional)
B (Montuno, Mambo)
CODA

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Salsa: Montuno

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A vamp (opten in the piano) for vocal or instrumental solos. A Vocal solo is called a "Coro Sonero"

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Salsa: Mambo

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An instrumental interlude between montunos. A new Mambo is played after each Montuno section.

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Salsa: Mo~na

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features canonic entrances of each instumental section (trombones saxophones, trumpets, etc.)

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instrumentation: Clave

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Both an instrument and a rhythm.
3 types of clave rhythm: 2 possible directions: 3-2 and 2-3
rhythms serve as organizing device for the rhythms of all the instruments

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SON Clave

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qn-er-en-qr-qn/ qr-qn-qn-qr

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RUMBA Clave

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qn-er-en-qr-er-en/qr-qn-qn-qr

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6/8 Clave

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qn-qn-er-en/er-qn-qn-er

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Salsa Rhythm Section: persussion

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Timbales
Bongos
Congas

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Timbales

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Two Drums, Cow bells, Woodblock
basic Rhytm: Cascara (means: Shell)
can be played on the chell of cowbell: maraca and quiro play 8th note rhythms in caacara style

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Bongos

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2 drums
Basic martillo (means: hammer)
Improvisatory: bongo player will often "go up" and play cow bell on downbeats in the "B" section (montuno/mambo)

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Congas

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2/3 drums-quinto (small), segundo (2nd), Tumba (low)
basic rhythm is Tum bao

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the Salsa Rythmic section: harmonic intruments

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Bass player: Plays Tumbao, Piano/trew plays a pseudo-improvised "vamp" called a montuno" the Montuno rhythmically outlines the clave while also outlining the harmony