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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Shamash
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God of the Sun, husband of Ishtar
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Ishtar
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Queen of Heaven and goddess of love and fertility
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What animal is Gilgamesh compared to?
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a great wild bull
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What part of Gilgamesh is god?
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2 parts god and one third man
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Sin-leqe-unnini
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the supposed author of The Epic of Gilgamesh
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Gilgamesh
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-Strongest man in the world
-in the beginning is a bad king (sheppard) -arrogant -sleeps with all the women, married and not |
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Anu
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The God of Uruk, creates Enkidu to intervene Gilgamesh
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Enkidu
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wild man, runs with animals. knew nothing of mankind, was like an animal.
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How long did the harlot lay with Enkidu?
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She layed with him for 6 days and 7 nights, until he forgot his home in the hills and then returned and the wild beasts rejected him
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What happened to Enkidu after the harlot seduced him?
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He grew weak, for wisdom was with him, and the thoughts of a man were in his heart. He returned to the woman who convinced him to go to Uruk to find Gilgamesh.
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Uruk
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Strong walled city where Gilgamesh is king
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Anu
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father of the gods and god of the firmament ("Great Above")
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Ea
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the wise god, who gave Gilgamesh deep understanding
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Ninsun
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mother of Gilgamesh, also one of the wise gods
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What does Gilgamesh tell his mother he dreamt Anu sent falling from the sky?
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A meteor, it was too heavy for him to lift (represents Enkidu). Ninsun tells him it is his comrade.
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Quote:
"You will love him forever as a woman and he will never forsake you." |
This is what Ninsun tells Enkidu his dream is about. The meteor = Enkidu
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Quote:
"Enkidu, eat bread, it is the staff of life; drink the wine, it is the custom of the land." |
The harlot says this to Enkidu when she gave him some of her clothes and food. He didn't know how to eat the break or wine, because he was wild.
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The Shepherd's Shepherd
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Enkidu took arms to hunt the lion so that the shepherd's lay down in peace; for Enkidu was their watchman, that strong man who had no rival.
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Why does Enkidu decide to go to Uruk?
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To change the old order, the harlot tells him the city groans because Gilgamesh demands to be the first to marry the Queen of Love
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Quote:
"There is not another like you in the world. Ninsun, who is as strong as a wild ox in the byre, she was the mother who bore you, and you are raised above all me, and Enlil has given you the kingship, for your strength surpasses the strength of men." |
Enkidu says to Gilgamesh after they fight when Enkidu arrives to Uruk. He realized Gilgamesh's strength and wants to be friends.
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Enlil
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god of earth, wind and spirit. has decreed the destiny of Gilgamesh
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"The father of the gods has given you kingship, such is your destiny, everlasting life is not your destiny."
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Enkidu says to Gilgamesh in the beginning of The Forest Journey. He tells him not to be sad and not to abuse his power he was given.
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"I have not established my name stamped on the bricks as my destiny decreed."
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Gilgamesh says to Enkidu
it is then he decides he wants to establish a name for himself--for honor. He decides he wants to go to The Land of Cedars to defeat Humbaba. |
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Humbaba
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Appointed by Enlil as the guardian spirit of the forest, is 'Hugeness', a ferocious giant
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"When he roars it is like the torrent of the storm, his breath is like fire, and his jaws are death itself. He guards the cedars so well that when the wild heifer stirs int he forest, though she is 60 leagues distant, he hears her."
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Humbaba
(Enkidu's quote) |
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"I tell you, weakness overpowers whoever goes near it; it is not an equal struggle when one fights with Humbaba; he is a great warrior, a battering-ram. Gilgamesh, the watchman of the forst never sleeps."
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Enkidu says to Gilgamesh, warning him of the power of Humbaba
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What animal does Enkidu compare Humbaba to?
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a battering ram
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"Then if I fall I leave behind a name that endures; men will say of me, "Gilgamesh has fallen in fight with ferocious Humbaba." Long after the child has been born in my house, they will say it, and remember."
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Gilgamesh says to Enkidu, shows that it is a win-win for Gilgamesh whether he dies or no because it is glory vs victory
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Who does Enkidu tell Gilgamesh he must see first before entering the forest?
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Shamash, the God of the Sun, because he owns the land where the cedar is cut
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What does Shamash give Gilgamesh as protection in the forest?
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The great winds: the north wind, the whirlwind, the storm and the icy wind, the tempest and the scorching wind
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What do Gilgamesh and Enkidu have as arms for protection?
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30 score pounds of arms: swords and axes, pommels and hilts made by the armourers
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When Gilgamesh tells the people and counsellors who gather in the streets of the marketplace of Uruk that he will go to the forest what do they say?
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They tell him it no equal struggle to fight Humbaba (same as Enkidu)
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Why do Gilgamesh and Enkidu go to Egalmah?
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to go to the Great Palace and stand before Ninsun the queen, because she is wise and can counsel them for the road they should take
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What does Ninsun do when they visit her in Egalmah before their journey?
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She lights incense for the gods and asks Shamash for his blessing and to watch over Gilgamesh and to give him to the night watchman after the day, and she tells Enkidu to take care of Gilgamesh
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Who do the people of Uruk tell to lead the way into the forest?
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Enkidu, because he has travelled the roads and seen Humbaba, and he can go first to protect Gilgamesh
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What happened when Gilgamesh and Enkidu arrived at the gates of the forest?
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Enkidu was scared, and Gilgamesh convinced him that they made it all this way and they couldn't turn back (companionship)
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Why did Gilgamesh wake in the night in the forest?
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He had a dream and woke in the middle of the night to tell Enkidu
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What does Enkidu tell Gilgamesh his first dream was about?
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Enkidu tells him the wild bull he saw was Shamah the Protector, and in the moment of peril he will take their hands. The one who gave him water is his own god who cares for his name. They will accomplish their honor.
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What does Enkidu tell Gilgamesh his second dream was about?
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Gilgamesh dreamt he was struck by a mountain and he saw a beautiful light... Enkidu tells him the mountain is Humbaba and they will kill him.
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What does Gilgamesh do each night before they rest?
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He digs a well before the sun and pours out fine meal on the ground (sacrifice to gods) and prays for good dreams (for him on 1st night, and then for Enkidu on 2nd night)
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What happened on the next night when Gilgamesh slept?
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He woke from another bad dream at midnight (sleep & death = linked)
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What happened to Gilgamesh when Enkidu and Gilgamesh cut down the cedar?
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Gilgamesh fell asleep and Enkidu prayed to Shamash that he wake up.
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How did Gilgamesh defeat Humbaba?
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He prayed to Shamash and Shamash let the winds loose against Humbaba, and they cut his cedars down and axed him
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How did Humbaba react to their attack?
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He begged for mercy and Gilgamesh began to feel compassion, but Enkidu convinced him to slay him.
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"Gilgamesh, let me speak. I have never known a mother, no, nor a father who reared me. I was born of the mountain, he reared me, and Enlil made me the keeper of this forest. Let me go free, Gilgamesh, and I will be your servant, you shall be my lord; all the trees of the forest that I tended on the mountain shall be yours. I will cut them down and build you a palace."
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Humbaba said to Gilgamesh, begging for mercy. When Gilgamesh almost fell for it, Enkidu convinced him not to listen
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How many blows did it take to kill Humbaba?
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three: struck him on the neck with the first, Enkidu struck the second, and at the third he fell
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How did Enlil react when they brought the head of Humbaba to him?
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He raged, asking why they did this. And cursed them.
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What did Gilgamesh and Enkidu do after they killed Humbaba?
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Cut down all the cedar in the forest
(expanding civilization) |
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When Gilgamesh returned and Ishtar asked him to marry her, how did Gilgamesh react?
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He insults her and brings up all her old lovers, comparing them to animals
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What does Ishtar do when Gilgamesh denies her?
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Fell into a bitter rage. Goes to her father, Anu, and asks for the Bull of Heaven to destroy Gilgamesh
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What does Anu tell Ishtar will happen if he gives her the Bull of Heaven to destroy Gilgamesh?
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"If I do what you desire there will be 7 years of drought throughout Uruk when corn will be seedless husks. have you saved grain enough for the people and grass for cattle?" She says yes and doesn't care, and he gives her the bull.
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What is the Bull of Heaven?
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an earthquake
1st crack opens the earth, 100 men fall to death 2nd crack sends 200 to death 3rd crack caused Enkidu to fall, but he recovered |
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How do Gilgamesh and Enkidu defeat the Bull of Heaven?
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Enkidu seized it by the horns and stabbed the bull in the head. They cut out its heart and gave it to Shamash.
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What did Ishtar do when Gilgamesh and Enkidu killed the Bull of Heaven?
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She cursed Gilgamesh, and Enkidu threw the bulls thigh in her face
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What does Enkidu dream after they killed the Bull of Heaven?
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"Anu, Enlil, Ea, and heavenly Shamash took counsel together, and Anu said to Enlil, 'Because they have killed the Bull of Heaven and Humbaba, one of the two must die.'
Then Shamash said, 'It was by your command they killed the Bull of Heaven and Humbaba, and must Enkidu die although innocent?', Enlil raged to Shamash, 'You dare to say this, you who went about with them every day like one of themselves!'" |
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Who did Enkidu curse before he died?
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The trapper and the harlot, for bringing him there
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What did Shamash say when he heard Enkidu cursing the harlot?
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He told him not to curse her because she clothed, fed and introduced him to Gilgamesh and HONOR
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What did Enkidu do when Shamash told him not to curse the harlot?
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He took it back, and blessed her with a big family and riches
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What did Enkidu tell Gilgamesh his dream was about before he died?
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He was led by a vampire faced man to Irkalla, the Queen of Darkness. People were clothed like birds and sit in darkness. Dust is food and clay their meat. He saw former kings and Samuqan, god of cattle.
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What does Gilgamesh do while Enkidu dies?
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Prays to the gods and is in misery because "the end of life is sorrow".
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How many days was Enkidu sick before he died?
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12
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What did Gilgamesh do when Enkidu died?
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He laud a veil over him and began to rage like a LION, like a lioness robbed of her whelps. He tore out his hair and clothes.
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How long did Gilgamesh weep for Enkidu?
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7 days and 7 nights, and then Anunnaki seized his body to give to the earth and Gilgamesh had to give him up. Then he ordered a statue to be made and offered to the sun for him.
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"How can I rest? How can I be at peace? Despair is in my heart. What my brother is now, that shall I be when I am dead. Because I am afraid of death I will go as best I can to find Utnapishtim, for he has entered the assembly of the gods."
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Gilgamesh is afraid of death now and wants to find Utnapishtim to help make him immortal.
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Utnapishtim
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a king who the gods allowed to survive the flood, he was given immortality
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"Men say he has entered the assembly of the gods, and has found everlasting life. I have a desire to question him concerning the living and the dead."
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Gilgamesh asks the Man-Scorpion guarding the gates of Mashu
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How does the Man-Scorpion tell Gilgamesh he can get to Utnapishtim?
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He has to travel through the mountain of Mashu, thru 12 leagues of darkness
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Who greets Gilgamesh when he exits the mountain of Mashu?
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Shamash, who tells him he will not find the life he is seraching
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Siduri
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a divine wine-maker who offers advice to Gilgamesh: tries to hinder him by closing the gate on him, tells Gilgamesh to "just live life, life of civilization"
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"You will never find the life for which you are looking. When the gods created man they allotted to him death, but life they retained in their own keeping. As for you, Gilgamesh, fill your belly with good things; day and night, night and day, dance and be merry, feast and rejoice. Let your clothes be fresh, bathe yourself in water, cherish the little child that holds your hand, and make your wife happy in your embrace; for this too is the lot of man."
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advice Siduri gives to Gilgamesh
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How does Siduri tell Gilgamesh he can get to Utnapishtim?
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She tells him to find Urshanabi, the ferryman of Utnapishtim, and to be nice to him so he will help him cross the waters
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What does Gilgamesh do when he finds Urshanabi?
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He shattered the tackle of the boat in rage
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Urshanabi
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Utnapishtim's ferryman, knows how to navigate the waters
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"Gilgamesh, your own hands have prevented you from crossing the Ocean; when you destroyed the tackle of the boat you destroyed its safety."
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Urshanabi tells Gilgamesh after he destroyed his tackle
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What does Urshanabi tell Gilgamesh he has to do in order to cross the waters?
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He has to go into the forest and cut 120 poles and bring them back
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How does Gilgamesh cross the waters?
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he goes through the waters of Death and uses all 120 poles and when he's out, he used the animal skins he was wearing as a sail
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"whom they call the Faraway, who lives in Dilmun at the place of the sun's transit, eastward of the mountain. To him alone of men the gods had given everlasting life"
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Utnapishtim
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"There is no permanence. Do we build a house to stand forever, do we seal a contract to hold for all time? Do brothers divid an inheritance to keep for ever, does the flood-time of rivers endure?
It is only the nymph of the dragon-fly who sheds her larva and sees the sun in his glory." |
Utnapishtim says to Gilgamesh, nothing is forever. He tells him that the Gods come together to decide that: "Life and death they allot but the day of death they do not disclose."
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What does Utnapishtim decide to give Gilgamesh?
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the secret of the gods
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"The uproar of mankind if intolerable and sleep is no longer possible by reason of the babel."
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Enlil said to the gods in council, men are too loud "so the gods agreed to exterminate mankind"
Enlil did this. |
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Who warned Utnapishtim through the walls of his house that there would be a flood?
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Ea, he told Utna. to tear down his house and build a boat
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What did Utnapishtim take on his boat?
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gold, his family, kin, beast of the field wild and tame, and all the craftsmen
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What did Utnapishtim do after 7 days of the flood?
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He released a dove and it returned when it didnt find land.
The he released a swallow and it returned. The he released a raven but she didn't come back and he found a mountaintop. |
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What did Utnapishtim do upon reaching the mountaintop?
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He made a burnt sacrifice to the gods, everyone except Enlil
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Who did Ishtar blame for the flood?
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Enlil, she wouldn't forgive Enlil, since the flood was his idea and he never discussed it with the other gods.
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How does Gilgamesh cross the waters?
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he goes through the waters of Death and uses all 120 poles and when he's out, he used the animal skins he was wearing as a sail
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"whom they call the Faraway, who lives in Dilmun at the place of the sun's transit, eastward of the mountain. To him alone of men the gods had given everlasting life"
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Utnapishtim
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"There is no permanence. Do we build a house to stand forever, do we seal a contract to hold for all time? Do brothers divid an inheritance to keep for ever, does the flood-time of rivers endure?
It is only the nymph of the dragon-fly who sheds her larva and sees the sun in his glory." |
Utnapishtim says to Gilgamesh, nothing is forever. He tells him that the Gods come together to decide that: "Life and death they allot but the day of death they do not disclose."
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What does Utnapishtim decide to give Gilgamesh?
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the secret of the gods
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"The uproar of mankind if intolerable and sleep is no longer possible by reason of the babel."
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Enlil said to the gods in council, men are too loud "so the gods agreed to exterminate mankind"
Enlil did this. |
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Who warned Utnapishtim through the walls of his house that there would be a flood?
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Ea, he told Utna. to tear down his house and build a boat
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What did Utnapishtim take on his boat?
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gold, his family, kin, beast of the field wild and tame, and all the craftsmen
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What did Utnapishtim do after 7 days of the flood?
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He released a dove and it returned when it didnt find land.
The he released a swallow and it returned. The he released a raven but she didn't come back and he found a mountaintop. |
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What did Utnapishtim do upon reaching the mountaintop?
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He made a burnt sacrifice to the gods, everyone except Enlil
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Who did Ishtar blame for the flood?
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Enlil, she wouldn't forgive Enlil, since the flood was his idea and he never discussed it with the other gods.
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What did Enlil do when he saw Utnapishtim's boat at the mountain?
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He was enraged because no one was supposed to survive the flood.
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"Wisest of gods, hero Enlil, how could you so senselessly bring down the flood?"
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Ea says to Enlil
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Who turned Utnapishtim into a god?
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Enlil
Enlil listened and understood. He took Utnapishtim and his wife by the hands and made them kneel. Then he touched their foreheads and blessed them, turning them into gods. For saving humanity, he granted them eternal life. |
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What test did Utnapishtim give to Gilgamesh in order to be a god?
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To stay awake for 6 days and 7 nights, he failed immediately when he fell asleep
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Did Gilgamesh pass Utnapishtim's test?
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No, he immediately fell asleep and slept for 7 days.
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Why does Utnapishtim tell his wife to bake bread while Gilgamesh sleeps?
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He tells her "all men are decievers" and that he would try to lie about sleeping, so they back a loaf of bread for each day he sleeps so he can see how they aged
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What did Utnapishtim send home with Gilgamesh?
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the plant which restores his lost youth to man
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Who did Gilgamesh plan to give the plant to?
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He planned to take it to Uruk and give it to the old men to eat and then eat it himself (represents his change as a king, considerate)
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What happened to the plant Gilgamesh named "The Old Men Are Young Again"?
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a serpent in the well snatched it from him when it sensed its sweetness
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What did Gilgamesh realize when he returned to Uruk?
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"You were given kingship, such as your destiny, everlating life was not your destiny"
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