World Lit Final

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Crime and Punishment Themes

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Reason is limited, irony, suffering, resurrection, discovery of existentialism, alienation of Raskolnikov, isolation within a corrupt society, prostitution, nihilism, redemption.

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Raskolnikov

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The protagonist of the novel. A former student, Raskolnikov is now destitute, living in a cramped garret at the top of an apartment building. The main drama of the novel centers on his interior conflict, first over whether to kill the pawnbroker and later over whether to confess and rejoin humanity. Raskolnikov is ill throughout the novel, overwhelmed by his feelings of alienation and self-loathing.

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Sofya (Sonya) Marmeledov

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Raskolnikov’s love and Marmeladov’s daughter. Sonya is forced to prostitute herself to support herself and the rest of her family. She is meek and easily embarrassed, but she maintains a strong religious faith. She is the only person with whom Raskolnikov shares a meaningful relationship.

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Avdotya (Dunya)

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Raskolnikov’s sister. Dunya is as intelligent, proud, and good-looking as her brother, but she is also moral and compassionate. She is decisive and brave, ending her engagement with Luzhin when he insults her family and fending off Svidrigailov with gunfire.

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Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov

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Dunya’s depraved former employer. Svidrigailov appears to believe, almost until the end of the novel, that he can make Dunya love him. The death of his wife, Marfa Petrovna, has made him generous, but he is generally a threatening presence to both Dunya and Raskolnikov.

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Dmitri Prokofych Razumikhin

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Raskolnikov’s friend. A poor ex-student, he responds to his poverty not by taking from others but by working even harder. Razumikhin is Raskolnikov’s foil, illustrating through his kindness and amicability the extent to which Raskolnikov has alienated himself from society. To some extent, he even serves as Raskolnikov’s replacement, stepping in to advise and protect Pulcheria Alexandrovna and Dunya. His name comes from the Russian word razum, which means “reason” or “intelligence.”

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Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladov

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The consumptive wife of Marmeladov. Katerina Ivanovna’s serious illness gives her flushed cheeks and a persistent, bloody cough. She is very proud and repeatedly declares her aristocratic heritage

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Porfiry Petrovich

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The magistrate in charge of investigating the murders. Porfiry Petrovich has a shrewd understanding of criminal psychology and is exquisitely aware of Raskolnikov’s mental state at every step along the way from the crime to the confession. He is Raskolnikov’s primary antagonist, and, though he appears only occasionally in the novel, his presence is constantly felt.

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Hamlet

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The Prince of Denmark, the title character, and the protagonist. About thirty years old at the start of the play, Hamlet is the son of Queen Gertrude and the late King Hamlet, and the nephew of the present king, Claudius. Hamlet is melancholy, bitter, and cynical, full of hatred for his uncle’s scheming and disgust for his mother’s sexuality. A reflective and thoughtful young man who has studied at the University of Wittenberg, Hamlet is often indecisive and hesitant, but at other times prone to rash and impulsive acts.

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Claudius

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The King of Denmark, Hamlet’s uncle, and the play’s antagonist. The villain of the play, Claudius is a calculating, ambitious politician, driven by his sexual appetites and his lust for power, but he occasionally shows signs of guilt and human feeling—his love for Gertrude, for instance, seems sincere.

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Gertrude

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The Queen of Denmark, Hamlet’s mother, recently married to Claudius. Gertrude loves Hamlet deeply, but she is a shallow, weak woman who seeks affection and status more urgently than moral rectitude or truth.

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Polonius

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The Lord Chamberlain of Claudius’s court, a pompous, conniving old man. Polonius is the father of Laertes and Ophelia.

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Horatio

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Hamlet’s close friend, who studied with the prince at the university in Wittenberg. Horatio is loyal and helpful to Hamlet throughout the play. After Hamlet’s death, Horatio remains alive to tell Hamlet’s story.

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Ophelia

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Polonius’s daughter, a beautiful young woman with whom Hamlet has been in love. Ophelia is a sweet and innocent young girl, who obeys her father and her brother, Laertes. Dependent on men to tell her how to behave, she gives in to Polonius’s schemes to spy on Hamlet. Even in her lapse into madness and death, she remains maidenly, singing songs about flowers and finally drowning in the river amid the flower garlands she had gathered.

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Laertes

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Polonius’s son and Ophelia’s brother, a young man who spends much of the play in France. Passionate and quick to action, Laertes is clearly a foil for the reflective Hamlet.
Fortinbras - The young Prince of Norway, whose father the king (also named Fortinbras) was killed by Hamlet’s father (also named Hamlet). Now Fortinbras wishes to attack Denmark to avenge his father’s honor, making him another foil for Prince Hamlet.

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Rosencrantz and Guildenstern

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Two slightly bumbling courtiers, former friends of Hamlet from Wittenberg, who are summoned by Claudius and Gertrude to discover the cause of Hamlet’s strange behavior.

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Soliloquy

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Act of speaking ones thoughts aloud when by one self or regardless of any hearers.

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Hubris

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excessive pride or self confidence.

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Catastrophe

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event causing great damage or suffering.

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Aside

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Dramatic convention in which two people are understood to speak to each other without being heard by anyone else on stage, or in which one person in response to another's comment speaks briefly aloud without being heard by those around him.

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Foil

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When a less important character is placed in a situation parallel to a more important one, in order that the latter may stand out in clearer relief through comparison and contrast.

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Monologue

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narration entirely voiced by a single speaker.

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Metaphor

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Implied comparison between two dissimilar objects.

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Oxymoron

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A figure of speech that juxtaposes words communicating opposing ideas.

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Scansion

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The indication of foot divisions and accents in metrical verse.

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Prosody

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pattern of rhythm and sound used in poetry.

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Metonymy

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Substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant.(the track for horse racing, suit for business executive)

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Anaphora

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Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses.

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Epiphany

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Moment of sudden revelation or insight.

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Pun

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A joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words that sound alike but have different meanings.

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Hyperbole

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Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.

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Euphony

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Quality of being pleasing to the ear through a harmonious combination of words.

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Paradox

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A statement or proposition that, despite sound reasoning from acceptable premises, leads to a conclusion that seems senseless, logically unacceptable, or self-contradictory.

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Litotes

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Ironical understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary.

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Asyndeton

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The emission or absence of a conjunction between parts of a sentence.

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Syllepsis

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Figure of speech in which a word is applied to two others in different senses.

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Understatement

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The presentation of something being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is.

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Emphasis

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Stress laid on a word to indicate special meaning or particular importance.

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Slant Rhyme

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A rhyme that is imperfect.

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Elegiac Verse

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Poetic form used by Greek lyric poets for a variety of themes usually of smaller scale than those of epic poetry.

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Synesthesia

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A poetic description of a sense impression in terms of another sense, as in "a loud perfume" or "an icy voice".

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Euphemism

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Mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be to harsh when referring to something being unpleasant or embarrassing.

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Frame Story

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narrative technique used to set the stage.

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Blank Verse

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An unrhymed verse form in iambic meter, containing five metrical feet in each line.

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Anastrophe

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The inversion of the usual order of words or phrases.

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Thorn Line

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Line without a rhyme in a rhymed passage.

Front 47

Aristotle on Tragedy

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Aristotle only thinks its a tragedy when an icon or someone very very important dies, because it affects a large number of people. He would laugh at what we call tragedies today.

Front 48

Medieval Manuscript, Lucifer

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An analysis of a painting of a scene from Dante's Inferno. Analyzes what the artist was thinking and why he painted the way he did. (People stuck in ice, Lucifer eating them, one is Judas. Virgil and Dante are climbing Lucifer.)

Front 49

"Fact, Myth, Truth"

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Talks of how facts aren't always true. Fact and truth are not always identical.

Front 50

The Garden of Eden

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Story of Adam and Eve

Front 51

The School of Athens

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Analysis of painting, Philosophers on upper level, scientists on lower. Architecture symbolizes human reason. Plato and Aristotle in middle. Apollo and Athene statues. Diogenes laying on steps. Many other scholars. Also Michelangelo, and Raphael himself is in it.

Front 52

Job and His Wife

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Analysis of Painting. Painting depicts story of Job.

Front 53

Good and Evil Reconsidered

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Analysis of Nietzsche's different types of morality. Master and Slave morality. Master presents harsh principles while slave condemns the virtues of the powerful, is fearful, and is based on security.

Front 54

The School of Athens

Back 54

Analysis of painting, Philosophers on upper level, scientists on lower. Architecture symbolizes human reason. Plato and Aristotle in middle. Apollo and Athene statues. Diogenes laying on steps. Many other scholars. Also Michelangelo, and Raphael himself is in it.

Front 55

Job and His Wife

Back 55

Analysis of Painting. Painting depicts story of Job.

Front 56

Good and Evil Reconsidered

Back 56

Analysis of Nietzsche's different types of morality. Master and Slave morality. Master presents harsh principles while slave condemns the virtues of the powerful, is fearful, and is based on security.