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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nicolaus Copernicus
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polish astronomer. famous for thinking that the sun is the center of the universe instead of Earth - heliocentric theory
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Tycho Brahe
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Danish astronomer, studied and recorded planetary movement.
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Galileo Galilei
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Discovered the law of the pendulum. Invented telescope. Found acceleration due to gravity. His theories supported Copernicus's theories and they frightened the Church because they went against the church teaching and may cause others to rebel against church's authority.
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Francis Bacon
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English politician. Developed scientific method. he urged scientists to experiment and test theories by observing world and gathering information about it.
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Rene Descartes
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Developed analytical geometry. was a mathematician. emphasized need to rely on mathematics not experimentation (Bacon's idea)supported skepticism
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William Harvey
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English doctor. Described the function of blood vessels and showed the heart acted as a pump to circulate blood.
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Johannes Kepler
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Mathematician. Discovered that mathematical laws determined planetary motion and showed that planets revolve in elliptical orbits instead of circles, supporting Copernicus's basic ideas.
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Robert Boyle
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Founded modern in chemistry. Created boyle's law. found how temperature and gas affect each other. proposed that matter was made up of smaller particles.
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Louis XIV
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Started his reign when he was 5. Cardinal Mazarin ruled for him while he was coming of age and helped create the peace treaty that ended the 30 years war. Louis took over when Mazarin died when he was 23. The first thing he did was kick the nobles out of his council which gave more power to the intendants. he also made the nobles live with him in his castle to flatter him everyday. that would also give the intendants more power.
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Palace of Versailles
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500 meters. over 2,000 rooms.
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skepticism
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the idea that nothing can ever be known for certain.
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Michel de Montaigne
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Invented the essay. Supported skepticism.
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Huguenots
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French protestants
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Cardinal Richelieu
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First moved against the Huguenots. Made the Huguenot's cities have no walls around them so they couldn't revolt and then hide. Second, he made the nobles take down their castles and gave more power to the middle class intendants.
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James I
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father of charles I. James the VI of scotland. Became James I of England when Elizabeth died. believed he should have absolute power.
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John Locke
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believed that people were born with 3 natural rights. Argued that kings don't get their power from god but get it from the people they rule. believed that government power came from the consent of the people.
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Baron de Montesquieu
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belived in constitutional monarchy with a balance of powers. - separation of powers.
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catherine the great
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Czarina of Russia. not from russia. german princess. married peter III. wanted to help people by making changes, but mostly wanted to get more power. she originally believed in giving serfs more power, but after an uprising, she brutally crushed them and gave the nobles absolute power over the serfs.
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Jean Jacques Rousseau
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Believed man was inherently good in nature. civilization corrupted man. believed in direct democracy as only good govt. different social contract from Hobbes - believed that it was agreement among free individuals to create a society and a government. - much broader democracty than Locke believed in. all people are equal and titles of nobility should be abolished.
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Oliver Cromwell
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Made england strong but was very strict. commanding general of the roundheads in the english civil war against the cavaliers (royalists who supported Charles) captured charles I and killed him. puritan.
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Joseph II
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emperor of holy roman Empire. his family was the dukes of austria. he was the most sincere and made changes for the good of the common people by supporting freedom of press, freedom of worship, and abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for their labor.
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Voltaire
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a pen name for Francois Marie Arouet. published over 70 books all on politics. supported freedom of religion and speech. used satire - mocked laws and customs of France.
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James II
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Became king after charles II. hired Catholics to high office which broke the law. his daughter mary and her husband cromwell overthrew him in a bloodless overthrow called the Glorious Revolution.
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Maria Theresa
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Was charles VI's daughter. queen of Silesia. Frederick II tried to take it over and won. she made an alliance with French kings and it was now everybody against Britain and Prussia. lead to 7 years war
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Charles I
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was determined to get absolute power. parliament was the only thing stopping him. parliament didnt like him for trying to be an absolute monarch. the only way he could get money is to call parliament to make new laws. he refused to do that for 17 years. he tried to get money with the taxes that were already there, his own money, and his other lands. he revived old tax laws that were legal. you had to pay to be knighted. one of the the tax laws was that they could collect money to build ships.
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Thomas Hobbes
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Believed that if someone rebelled, they were always wrong and the state was always right. no matter who the king was. came up with social contract. people gave up their rights to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order.
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Frederick the great
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king of Prussia. The best general of his age. made the Prussian army the best army in Europe. The army was so good that people went around in groups of 2. "role of govt is to extend their territories." encouraged religious tolerance and legal reform.
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Peter the Great
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Czar of Russia. wanted to be an all powerful ruler. there were five things that made him an all powerful monarch: Brought back alot of ideas from the west to make russia more advanced in literally everything. subdued the nobles and had total control over them. Subdued the russian orthodox church. subdued boyars(russian loandoning nobles). built a new capitol for russia. originally moscow. new capital is called St. Petersburg.
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Isaac Newton
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discovered the laws of gravity.
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William the pitt
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prime minister of great britain. believed strongly in the public's right to private property - against the will of the king.
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William and mary
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both overthrew James II and took the throne. established a constitutional monarchy by signing the English Bill of Rights.
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Charles XII
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king of sweden. fought against Peter the great for 21 years, but lost eventually, giving russia their "window to the sea" he called St. Petersburg.
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Charles II
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restored theaters, bars, and gambling. cheated on his wife. had two wars against the dutch. in the third dutch war, it was the first time that the french and english were on the same side.
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Duke of Marlborough/ John Churchill
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A young leutenant that becomes england's greatest general in history.
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Battle of poltava
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between russia and sweden. russians won and became the leading nation in europe.
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The glorious revolution
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james II was overthrown and the only blood that was spilled was his bloody nose.
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Treaty of paris, 1763
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ended the seven years war.
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philosophes
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french thinkers who thrived in the eighteenth century.
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English civil war
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between the cavaliers and the roundheads. oliver cromwell on the roundheads ended it by capturing Charles I and killed him.
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the scientific revolution
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a revolutionary change in the world's view of science. a new way of thinking about the natural world based on careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs.
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The enlightenment
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a great period of scientific expansion. everything about human society was questioned.
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Constitutional monarchy
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where rulers have limited power and share it with the government.
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the scientific method
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a series of steps to help come to conclusions about everyday problems. logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas.
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Cavaliers and roundheads
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two opposing forces in the english civil war
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enlightened despots
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powerful rulers who took on some ideas of the Enlightenment and wanted to make changes for their country. some wanted to help society and themselves to get more power.
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the restoration
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after the english civil war charles II went to a constitutional monarchy.
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The seven years war (causes)
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1. traditional rivalries in Europe, France, Prussia, Austria, Germany, and England. 2. struggle for overseas colonies. primarily between france and england. 3. struggle for naval control of the seas. 4. when frederick the great took silesia, it doubled the size, population, and raw materials of prussia. frederick took silesia from maria theresa. 5. france and england both had colonies in north america and france wanted to expand in the ohio valley which prevented england from expanding. they sent george washington to tell them to stop. he gets into a fight, gets forced to sign a contract saying he did stuff to the king that he didnt do, and the seven years war started.
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