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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why did people in Latin America fight colonial rule? |
were spurred by discontent and Enlightenment ideas |
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How many of today's Latin American nations gained their independence at this time |
sixteen |
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people who were born in Spain
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Peninsularies |
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Spaniards born in Latin America |
Creoles |
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European / Indian |
Mestizos |
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European / African |
Mulattos |
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Where was the class order of the Latin American Colonial Society? |
1. Peninsulares 2. Creoles 3. Mestizos 4. Mulattos 5. Africans 6. Indians |
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Why did the Creoles spearhead the independence movement in Latin America? |
They were the least oppressed but most educated. |
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Many Creoles had traveled to ______ for the _______ and had been influenced by ________ in Europe and America |
Europe education revolutions |
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Who was Jose de San Martin? |
a military officer |
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where and when was Jose de San Martin educated |
in Spain from the age of six |
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when did Jose de San Martin return to Latin America
how long did he fight |
as a man in his 30s
10 years |
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What did Jose de San Martin do |
liberated parts of Spanish-speaking South America |
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Simon Bolivar was a wealthy ___________ ________ |
Venezuelan creole |
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Simon Bolivar helped win Venezuela's ________ |
independence |
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Together with José de San Martin, Bolívar is regarded as one of the __________ of _________ South America |
Liberators of Spanish |
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Was Miguel Hidalgo rich or poor? |
poor but well-educated |
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what did Miguel Hidalgo believe in |
Enlightenment ideals |
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Miguel Hidalgo led an army of _______ and _______ |
Indians and Mestizos |
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Miguel Hidalgo was _______, but started a movement that would ultimately bring about ________ ________ |
defeated Mexico's independence |
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How was Brazil's quest for independence unique in the period of Latin America's history? |
there were no violent upheavals or bloody atrocities |
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A member of the ________ ________ family actually played a key role in freeing Brazil from ________ |
Portugese royal Portugal |
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Latin America's independence increased ________, ______ disrupted trade and devastated cities and countryside, and many formerly united regions _____ into individual countries |
poverty wars split |
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How many of today's Latin American nations gained their independence at this time? |
16 |
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The independence movement in Latin America was spearheaded by the ________ |
Creoles |
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a military officer who liberated parts of Spanish-speaking South America |
Jose de San Martin |
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who led the independence movement in Mexico |
Miguel Hidalgo |
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What was the major difference between Mexico's liberation and Brazil's liberation? |
Mexico's liberation was violent; Brazil's liberation was non-violent |
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Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenged the old ___________ ______ of Europe. |
conservative order |
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usually wealthy property owners and nobility who argued for protecting the traditional monarchies |
coservatives |
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mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants who wanted to give more power to elected parliaments |
liberals |
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favored drastic change to extend democracy to the people as a whole |
radicals |
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In Nationalism, who should one's greatest loyalty be to? Who should it not be to? |
Not to a king, but to a nation of people |
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in Nationalism, the nation should have a common ________ |
culture |
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In Nationalism, how did the nation become a nation-state |
when the nation had its own independent government |
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how did nationalism tear apart centuries old-empires |
gave rise to nation-state was opposed by conservatives |
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why did the greek independence war happen |
fueled by nationalism |
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The force of nationalism contributed to the formation of ______ new nations and a new ________ _______ in Europe. |
two political order |
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Nationalism during the 1800s fueled efforts to ______ _______ |
nation states |
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Nationalists were loyal to their people, i.e. those who shared ______ _______ |
common bonds |
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What might these bonds include? |
common history culture world-view language
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Nationalist believed that people of a single ancestry should do what? |
unite under a single government |
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a form of political organization in which a group of people who share the same history, traditions, or language live in a particular area under one government |
nation-state |
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What are the six bonds that create a national-state? |
Nationality Language Culture History Religion Territory |
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______ leads German unification |
Prussia |
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Who eliminates Austria? |
Bismarck |
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Prime Minister of Prussia |
Otto von Bismarck |
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realpolitik:
It is the destiny of the _______ to be devoured by the ______ |
weak; strong |
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realpolitik: ________ _______ should be used to achieve political gain |
Military force |
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realpolitik:
___________ _______ _________ is acceptable if achieves a worthy goal |
Manufacturing political incidents |
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Bismarck achieved Prussian dominance over Germany and Europe by "_______ and _______" |
blood and iron |
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_______ and ________ uprisings challenged the old conservative order of Europe |
Liberal and nationalist |
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In the early 19th century Europe, the liberals wanted to give more power to the _______ __________ |
elected parliaments |
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Which of the following statements would Otto von Bismarck probably not agree with? (617) |
a- A ruler should never violate the constitution of his country |
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According the description (beside the picture) of Bismarck on the last PPT slide, what did his supporters think of him what did his detractors think of him? |
supporters- almost unified the nation & raised it to greatness
detractors- abused his powers and led germany to dictatorship |
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What was the first Latin American territory to free itself from European rule |
Saint Domingue |
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__________ and _________ movements both reflected and fueled changes in Europe during the 1800s |
Artistic and intellectual |
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Who was one of the leading romantic poets who fought for Greece? |
Lord Byron |
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who led the French romantics, wrote Les Miserables, The Hunchback of Notre Dame |
Victor Hugo |
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Wrote one of the earliest and most successful Gothic horror novels, Frankenstein
wife of the poet Percy Shelley |
Mary Shelley |
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Who was one of romanticism’s first composers who also rose to become its greatest? |
Ludwig van Beethoven |
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In literature and the visual arts, realism tried to show life ___ it ____ , not as it _____ _____ |
as it is should be |
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Realist painting reflected the increasing importance of the _______ _______ |
working class |
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What did Emile Zola’s novels expose in France? |
Exposed the miseries of French workers in small shops, factories, and coal mines |
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English realist, unforgettable characters, some humor, despair of London's poor, doom of working class life |
charles dickens |
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used pure, shimmering colors to capture a moment seen at glance tried to give an "impression' of a subject or moment in time |
impressionism |
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•Emphasized inner feelings, emotions, imagination •Focused on the mysterious and the supernatural; also the odd, exotic, grotesque or horrifying •Loved the beauties of untamed nature •Idealized the past as a simpler and nobler time •Valued the common people and individuals •Glorified heroes and heroic actions •Promoted radical change and democracy |
romanticism |
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Impressionist react against _______ |
realism |
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Which of the following statements about Les Miserables and Frankenstein is false? (620) |
b. Both were written by British authors |
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The greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England during the 18th century. |
Industrial Revolution |
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Results of the Agriculture Revolution: -Enclosures became ________ of wealthy landowners - Landowners experimented with new __________ methods -Many small farms became ________ farmers or moved to the _______ |
landmarks agricultural tenet; cities |
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A system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land |
crop rotation |
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What did the crop rotation of scientific farmers do to help the soil? |
preserved the fertility of the land |
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Britain's Advantages in Industrialization: -Large __________ of workers -Extensive _______ resources -_______ strength -___________ stability |
population natural economic political |
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What are the 3 factors of production? |
Land Labor Capital (wealth) |
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Technology in the textile industry increased demand for what agricultural product from the American south? |
cotton |
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Who figured out a way to make the steam engine work faster and more efficiently? |
James Watt |
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Railroads: •_______ way to transport materials and finished products •Created new_____ for railroad workers and miners •Boosted ______ and ______ industries (products to cities) •_______ people could get to city jobs •City dwellers travelled to ________ in the country |
cheap jobs agricultural and fishing country resorts |
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•The factory system changed the way that people ________ and ________, introducing a variety of problems |
lived and worked |
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How did industrialization cause urbanization? |
-Job seekers came to cities and towns looking for jobs -Country farmers came to cities |
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Why industrialization created class tensions: -Some became very ______ -________ and _______ looked down upon those who made their living from the "vulgar" business world -Middle class, _____ middle class, _____
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wealthy Aristocrats and landowners lower middle class, poor |
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which social classes benefited most and suffered most from industrialization? |
benefited- growing middle class (factory workers, shippers, merchants) Suffered- factory workers because they were overworked and underpaid |
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what were some of the advantages of industrialization? |
-made a new middle class prosperous -created jobs and wealth -better housing -better diets |
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what were some of the disadvantages of industrialization? |
workers had harsh working and living conditions, and were greatly exploited |
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The main cause of urbanization in 19th century Britain was what? |
industrialization |
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Who looked down upon the wealthy members of the middle class |
landowners and aristocrats |
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How did Great Britain attempt to keep industrial secrets from the United States? |
Engineers, mechanics, and toolmakers were forbidden to leave the country |
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How a corporation raises large amounts of money: -Stockholders ______ in profits but are not personally responsible for its _____ -As a result area willing to _____________________ |
share; debts invest large amounts of money |
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Worldwide impact of industrialization: -Shifted the world __________ of ________ -Increased _________ between industrialized countries -Increased ________ in less developed countries |
balance of power competition poverty |
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A benefit of being a stockholder in a corporation is that the stockholder is not ___________ ________ for the debts of the company |
personally responsible |
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The Industrial Revolution led to ________, _______, and _______ reforms |
economics, social, and political |
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•The economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions, without interference from the government. •This policy favors a free market unregulated by the government. |
laissez fair |
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Defended the free-market system of capitalism in the book The Wealth of Nations |
Adam Smith |
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What is the philosophy of utilitarianism? |
The government should promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people. |
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•….a form of complete socialism in which the means of production---all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses—would be owned by the people. •Private property in effect ceases to exist. •All good and services would be shared equally by all. |
how Marx describes communism |
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What were other areas of reform? -Abolition of _____ -_______ rights -_______ education |
slavery women's publicht |
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the name of a voluntary association of workers seeking labor reform |
union |
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Nineteenth century socialists argued that government should actively ______ the economy |
plan |
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Of socialism, communism, utilitarianism, and trade unionism, Karl Marx is most closely associated with _________ |
communism |
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In the 19th century, ________ _________ was carried out between employers and employees |
collective bargaining |
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When the trade union movement began in Britain, the ________ was an illegal action taken against factory owners by _______ workers |
strike union |
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a form of complete socialism in which the people own all production and property. (How do the people own all? à because in communism, EVERYTHING is owned by EVERYBODY |
communism |
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Liberation in both _______ and ________ involved the Creole class |
Brazil and Mexico |
