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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the types societies in the 15th century. |
- hunter gatherers - agricultural villages - chiefdoms / small states - nomadic pastoral communities - established civilizations |
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What was "firestick farming"? |
A technique utilized by Australian hunter-gatherers, where they would burn the underbrush from a forest in order to stimulate the growth of certain animal and plant species. |
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List some characteristics of 15th-century Australian culture. |
- trade routes - elaborate mythologies - arts |
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What was unusual about Northwest Native American hunter-gatherers? |
They had permanent village settlements and complex societies. |
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List two characteristics of Northwest Native American societies. |
- economic specialization - ranked societies |
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What were some characteristics of the Igbo society of West Africa? |
- stateless - built on kinship - traded cloth and metals to other African kingdoms - wealthy men were prestigious |
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What was a result of the Iroquois of New York taking up maize and bean farming in the 1300s? |
Increased warfare. Women now did the food getting, so war was the new "masculine" thing to do. |
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What were the Five Nations? |
A confederation of 50 Iroquois clan leaders who operated by consensus, and coordinated relationships with the European settlers. |
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What were some characteristics of Iroquois society? |
- little government - social equality - personal freedom - female-dominated |
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What parts of the world were conquered by Timur (Tamerlane)? |
Persia, Russia, and India |
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What happened to Timur's empire after his death? |
Quarreling among his successors led to its disintegration and takeover by the Russians. |
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What were the characteristics of the Fulbe people of West Africa? |
- small pastoral communities - despised agricultural peoples - adopted Islam and led religious uprisings |
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What were some reasons Europeans had an advantage over Asians to explore the Americas? |
- better winds in the Atlantic - improved seafaring technology |
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Why were the Europeans more motivated than the Asians to explore the Americas? |
- religious freedom - European economies could only expand through more land - wanted to get rich off of resources - markets in Asia provided little incentive for them to leave |
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What advantages did the European settlers have over the Native Americans? |
- states and trading corporations allowed for effective travel - excellent seafaring technology - weapons and horses - disease immunity - Natives quarreled and created divisions amongst themselves |
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Who was Doña Marina? |
A local Mesoamerican who helped Cortés conquer the region for Spain. She acted as a translator, negotiator, and mistress. |
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How did the Great Dying change the North American landscape? |
- new crops, such as what, rice, and garden vegetables - new animals, such as horses, pigs, cows, and sheep - more Europeans and Africans than natives |
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What encouraged Native American men to do more hunting? |
The arrival of horses from Europe; they could ride them for easier transportation. |
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What crops allowed for tremendous population booms in Europe, Africa, and Asia? |
Corn and potatoes from North America |
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Which delicacies from North America were enjoyed by Europeans and Asians? |
Tobacco and chocolate |
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What drove the colonial economies? |
The slave trade and silver mining. |
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What was the Columbian Exchange? |
A network of slaves, crops, animals, disease, arts, etc. between the Old World and the New World. |
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What were some consequences of the Columbian Exchange? |
- new information and resources from the colonies encouraged the Scientific and Industrial Revolutions - extended European civilization |
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What was mercantilism? |
The lens through which European nations viewed their colonies. It was based on exports of bullion (silver and gold). |
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What were some differences among the European colonies? |
- semi-feudal Catholic Spain vs. Protestant England - densely populated Mesoamerica vs. sparsely populated North America - different agriculture |
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What was encomienda? |
The labor system of Spanish American colonies, where natives performed agricultural labor in exchange for protection and religious education. This relationship was often abused by the Spanish. |
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What was hacienda? |
The successor to the encomienda system, where Spanish landowners directly employed natives. |
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Who held the top social class in Spanish American colonies? |
Spanish-born men (peninsulares). |
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Which social group began to grow in the Spanish colonies in the 1500s? |
Mestizos |
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True or False: the Native Americans under Spanish rule abandoned their culture after conquest. |
False |
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What major industry dominated Brazil and the Caribbean? |
Sugar production |
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Who performed the labor for sugar production in Brazil and the Caribbean? |
African slaves, who worked under miserable conditions |
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What were mulattoes? |
Racial mixing of Portuguese settlers and Africans in Brazil. |
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Why was there much less racial mixing in the North American colonies than in the South American colonies? |
More European women came to colonize North America than South America. |
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How was slavery different in North America than South America? |
- slaves had better working and living conditions in North America - most slave importation stopped in North America by the 1800s - experienced different kinds of racism due to racial mixing in South America |
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Why were British colonies much less prominent than Spanish and Portuguese ones at first? |
The British colonies lacked the wealth and sophisticated local culture of the others. |
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True or False: British settlers often tried to escape European society rather than recreate it. |
True |
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What were the roles of men and women in early British colonies? |
Men owned family farms, while women were completely subordinate |
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How were British colonies different from Spanish colonies? |
- population eventually outnumbered Spanish 5 to 1 - less need for slave labor - less interest in spreading Christianity - more self-government due to conflict between King and Parliament |
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What was a consequence of the British Protestant emphasis on reading the Bible for yourself? |
A much higher literacy rate than the Spanish colonists -- about 75% for men. |
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Which nation built an empire from 1500-1800 after the end of Mongol control? |
Russia |
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Why did Russia want to conquer the nomadic pastoral peoples to the southeast of Moscow? |
Those peoples might attack their cities and sell Russians into slavery. |
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Why did Russia want to conquer the many peoples of Siberia to the east? |
Those lands had great economic opportunity (furs, metals), and to spread Christianity. |
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True or False: Most Russian citizens did not support their country's empire building. |
False |
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What did Russian conquest mean for locals? |
- tributes, often in the form of the fur of sables - epidemics - spread of Christianity, although tolerance was much greater than in Spanish colonies - influx of Russian settlers - Russian control of farmland - Russified culture |
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How did Russia eventually become a nation of diverse people? |
Military rivalries on the European side of the empire led to absorption of more nations, and the conquests of natives to the East led to more diversity. |
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What was a result of Russia's contact with European nations? |
The Russian government began a process of Westernization. |
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What areas of life were affected by Russia's Westernization? |
- education - style - military - government - industry |
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True or False: Russians had (and still have) an identity crisis due to its deep involvement in both European and Asian matters. |
True |
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What type of government did Russia use to control its vast empire? |
Autocratic |
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What was the main difference between British/Spanish and Russian empire expansion? |
Britain and Spain already had established governments when they colonized the Americas, while Russia was still building their government during its expansion. |
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From where did the Qing rulers of China come? |
Manchuria, north of the Great Wall |
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How did Qing rulers seek to maintain their ethnic distinctiveness? |
They forbade marriage between themselves and the rest of the Chinese |
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Who conquered the nomadic peoples of Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet in the late 1600s to mid 1700s? |
The Qing Chinese |
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What was the supposed need for Chinese expansion? |
It was viewed as a defensive necessity. |
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What was the Treaty of Nerchinsk? |
A treaty that marked the boundary between the Russian and Chinese empires. |
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True or False: The Chinese have always viewed themselves as an imperial power. |
False |
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How did the Qing Chinese rulers try to maintain control of their vast empire? |
They allowed local notables to control their territories. |
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True or False: The Qing Chinese tried to settle in areas owned by Mongolians and Tibetans, and forced the people to assimilate into their culture. |
False |
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What happened after Russia and China conquered most of Central Asia? |
The area transformed from a bustling economic hotspot to an impoverished region. |
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What was the single most cause of the end of the nomadic pastoral way of life? |
The expansion of the Russian and Chinese empires in Central Asia. |
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What was the central division in India's Mughal Empire? |
Religion - the ruling class and about 20% were Muslim, while the rest were Hindu. |
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True or False: Mughal emperor Akbar tried to accommodate Hindus and tried to improve the social status of women. |
True |
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What is the main legacy of Mughal emperor Akbar? |
He downplayed the empire's Islamic identity in favor of a cosmopolitan and hybrid culture. |
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What is the main legacy of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb? |
He supported anti-Hindu activists, and started discriminating against Hindus in the empire. He also instituted sharia law. Ultimately, he antagonized Muslims and Hindus. |
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True or False: Turkish women had relative freedom in the Ottoman Empire. |
True |
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Which branch of the Islamic faith grew more powerful under the Ottoman Empire? |
Sunni Turks over Shia Persians. |
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What were the effects on Christian communities as the Ottoman Empire expanded? |
Many people converted to Islam; Constantinople was conquered and renamed Istanbul. |
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What was the relationship between Ottoman rulers and Christian citizens in the Balkans? |
Unlike in Anatolia, there were much fewer Turkish settlers, and the Christians retained the majority. |
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Why did many Christians and Jews find refuge in the Ottoman Empire? |
Taxes were lower, and they had more legal rights. |
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What was the Ottoman practice of devshirme? |
Balkan Christian boys were taken by the government and trained to be Muslim elite. |
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True or False: While it generally exhibited tolerance, the Ottoman Empire was a threat to Christianity as a whole. |
True |
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What distinguished the empires of Western Europe from the rest of the world? |
They were initiated by maritime expansion. |
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What was a reason that Portugal, Spain, France, and Britain were the first to expand to the New World? |
Those lands were on the Atlantic coast and were closer to the Americas. |
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What motivated Europeans to venture across the Atlantic Ocean? |
Rivalries between competing nations |
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What was the colonial economy of the Spanish empire in former Aztec and Inca lands? |
Based on commercial agriculture and mining |
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How did many Native Americans respond to Spanish missionaries' efforts to convert them to Catholicism? |
The blended their old customs with Catholicism |
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How did Chinese and Russian expansion into Central Asia affect the nomadic people inhabiting the steppe lands? |
Their political independence and economic prosperity ended. |
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What was the reason the Russian empire began expanding in the sixteenth century? |
To secure its borders from attack |
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What describes what happened to native populations of Siberia after Russian conquest? |
Assimilation |
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What describes a feature of Qing China's policy towards its possessions in Central Asia? |
Respect for different cultures of the region |
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The Mughal ruler Akbar favored policies that promoted _________. |
a cosmopolitan and hybrid Indian-Persian-Turkic culture. |
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What was a result of the Ottoman Empire's policy towards the Christian population in southeastern Europe? |
Christian communities enjoyed considerable autonomy over their own affairs. |
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Who was Zheng He? |
He was a Chinese explorer commissioned to explore the Indian Ocean. He brought many new goods back to China, and sailed in massive boats called junks. |
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What was the primary relationship between China and the lands visited by Zheng He? |
Those peoples paid tribute to China for protection. |
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Which major Muslim empire was based in Iran? |
The Safavid Empire |
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Which division of Islam is primarily based in Iran? |
Shia Islam |
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What was the original divisor between Shiites and Sunnis? |
Deciding Muhammad's rightful successor |
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What are China's four major inventions? |
- papermaking - gunpowder - printing - compass |
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Name two huge 15th-century empires who were not European or Asian. |
Aztec and Incan Empires |
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How did Aztecs treat their conquered peoples differently than the Incans? |
The Aztecs did not treat them as true citizens, and would offer them for human sacrifice. The Incans practiced assimilation. |
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True or False: The Aztecs had a strong central government, while the Incans were loosely united. |
False; it was the other way around. |
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Which conquistador conquered the Incans? |
Francisco Pizarro |
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Which conquistador conquered the Aztecs? |
Hernan Cortés |
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What can be considered the first modern state, according to John Green? |
China |
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What was the Mandate of Heaven? |
It was the Chinese version of divine right; the emperors could lose the Mandate through undesirable actions. |
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Who is the most influential person in Chinese history? |
Confucius |
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Name several principles of Confucianism. |
- studying history is important - everything is looked at like a family relationship - the most important family relationship is the father-son relationship |
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What are three characteristics of modernity? |
- globalization - modern societies - growing Western European presence in world affairs |
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What factors contributed to globalization? |
- slave trade - spread of Christianity - Columbian exchange - silver mining - regions other than Europe expanding |
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What allowed Europeans to get involved in Asian markets? |
Silver mining |
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What were some signs of modernity in Europe? |
- the Scientific Revolution - population growth |
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What were some signs of modernity in Eurasia and the New World? |
- large cities - stronger states |
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What religion grew the most in the 1500s-1700s? |
Islam |
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What are the two types of empires? |
Land and water |
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What were some advancements made during the maritime revolution? |
- astrolab - compass - better maps and ships |
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What are three reasons the Europeans had so much success colonizing the Americas? |
- local allies - the Great Dying - the Columbian Exchange |
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What was the main difference between encomienda and repartimiento? |
Repartimiento involved the Spanish government; encomienda did not. |
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In which labor system did the peons work? |
Hacienda |
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List the main racial categories in the Spanish colonies. |
- peninsulares - creoles - mestizos and mulattoes |
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What was the most profitable crop in the new world? |
Sugarcane |
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In a 1494 letter to the monarchs of Spain, what two topics did Christopher Columbus focus on? |
The distribution of gold, and the spread of Christianity. |
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What conclusion can be drawn from the fact that Christopher Columbus mentioned natives in his letters to Spain, but letters about John Cabot made no mention of them? |
Native populations were far smaller in northern North America than in Central America and the Caribbean. |
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What type of trade was the primary motivator for European countries to get involved in Asian trade? |
The spice trade |
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Which two peoples controlled European - Indian Ocean trade before the 1500s? |
Venetians and Muslims |
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Which explorer led a strategic Portuguese effort to get involved in Indian Ocean trade? |
Vasco de Gama |
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True or False: The Portuguese were economically and militarily superior to Asian nations. |
False; they were militarily superior, but not economically superior. |
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What did the Portuguese do once they arrived in the Indian Ocean? |
They forcibly conquered towns, regulated local commerce, and set up a trading post empire. |
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What ultimately happened to the Portuguese trading empire in the Indian Ocean? |
It was overtaken by the local economy, many Portuguese assimilated into local culture, and the British and Dutch eventually seized control of trade. |
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Which group of islands did the Spanish take control of in the late 1500s, with little resistance from locals or Asian empires? |
The Philippines |
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What did the Spanish do to society in the Philippines? |
They established Christian communities, and forced conversion led to some small revolts. |
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What happened to the thousands of Chinese and Japanese who settled in the Spanish-controlled Philippines? |
They were banished and/or massacred after they resisted religious conversion and showed economic dominance. |
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Which Asian lands did the British and Dutch control? |
The British controlled India, while the Dutch controlled Indonesia. |
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What were the British and Dutch East India Companies? |
They were private corporations that were given charters by their respective governments, allowed governing and war powers, and had trade monopolies in the Indian Ocean. |
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What did the Dutch do to Philippine spice economies? |
They took complete control, made huge profits, and destroyed local culture. |
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What island was the intersection of Asian and Dutch culture? |
Taiwan |
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Why could the British not set up "trade by warfare" as the Dutch did? |
They were resisted by the Mughal Empire, and had to get permission to set up trade cities. |
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What was the major industry in British India? |
Cotton textiles |
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True or False: The Europeans initially posed a major threat to the Chinese, Japanese, and Mughal Empires. |
False |
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Why did the Japanese first welcome new trade, ideas, and religion from Europe? |
They were divided into warring factions, and sought outside help. |
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What happened to the Europeans in Japan after it was united under a single shogun? |
European influence was seen as a threat to unity, merchants were banned, and Christians were oppressed. |
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Who dominated overland trade networks in Asia? |
Local merchants, many of whom were women. |
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What led to an increased demand for silver trade? |
China began requiring taxes in the form of silver. |
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What was Potosí? |
It was a Bolivian city which grew tremendously as a result of the silver trade. Natives worked in the mines under deadly conditions, and the environment was devastated. |
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What was the effect of silver trade domination on the Spanish economy? |
It led to inflation rather than growth. A rigid economy and little entrepreneurship also contributed to stagnation. |
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What happened to Japan's economy as a result of its silver trade? |
Regulations, control of population, and government cooperation with merchants led to prosperity. |
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What was a result of China's increased demand for silver? |
A more commercialized economy |
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True or False: The silver trade demonstrated that Asia still dominated the world economy. |
True |
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What beverage was invented by the Arabs in the early 1000s? |
Distilled wine |
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What were the supposed uses of distilled wine in Europe? |
It was used as a medicine and a drink, and called the "water of life." |
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Along with silver and spices, what was another major global commerce item in the 1600s? |
Fur |
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Who controlled fur trade in North America? |
The British, French, and Dutch |
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Which group of people hunted animals for the fur trade? |
Natives, who traded them with the Europeans |
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Why was the fur trade beneficial to the natives at first? |
It provided insurance against massacre, and encouraged economic growth. |
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Why was the fur trade eventually harmful to the natives? |
- caused war with other natives - led to dependence on European goods - alcohol addiction - women had less to do |
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What trade had the most lasting impact of all global exchanges? |
The slave trade |
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Approximately how many slaves died on the Middle Passage? |
Almost 2 million out of a total of 12.5 million |
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True or False: Slavery existed in Africa and the Mediterranean before the Americas, but slaves had differing social status. |
True |
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List ways in which slavery in the Americas was distinct from other parts of the world. |
- sheer number of slaves was larger - had a dehumanized social status |
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Which group of people were slaves on sugar farms in the Mediterranean? |
Slavs |
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Why were Africans the "best option" for slave labor? |
- skilled farmers - some immunity to diseases - not Christians - different skin color |
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True or False: Europeans often led raids to seize slaves out of inner Africa. |
False; this proved to be dangerous, so they relied on African nations selling them slaves on the coast. |
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From a world history point of view, what was the chief outcome of the slave trade? |
Transregional linkages |
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What were some of the impacts of the slave trade on Africa? |
- slowing of population growth - little economic benefit - corruption in judicial system, which wanted to make new slave candidates - women had more work to do at home |
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What was Lemba? |
Lemba was an African cult that attempted to control the negative impact of the slave trade on African society and maintain elite privileges. |
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True or False: A small number of African women gained economic and political power as a result of the slave trade. |
True |
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Who was Ayumba Suleiman Diallo? |
Ayumba was an African slave owner, who was taken to Maryland to be a plantation worker. Upon learning his story, his owner sent him to England, where he was freed. He eventually brought back aspects of English culture to Africa. |
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What was a cartaz pass? |
A cartaz pass was used by the Portuguese to allow trade in the Indian Ocean. If a ship did not have a cartaz pass, the Portuguese could board and seize the cargo. |
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The voyage of which explorer gave Spain a foothold in the Philippines? |
Ferdinand Magellan, although he died before his voyage was completed. |
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What was significant about Mindanao Island? |
Mindanao was the home of Islamic natives who resisted Spanish rule. |
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Where did Chinese workers settle in the Spanish-controlled Philippines? |
Manila |
