World History Review Flashcards

Front 1

Hammurabi's Code

Back 1

1st set of written collected laws, used to unify Hammurabi's people

Front 2

Polytheism

Back 2

Worshiping more than one god - Most early civilizations worshiped more than one

Front 3

Monotheism

Back 3

Belief and worshiping of one god

Front 4

Cuneiform

Back 4

Writing style created in Mesopotamia, used clay and stylus reed - written be a scribe

Front 5

Theocracy

Back 5

Religion based government leader

Front 6

Role of the pharaoh in Ancient Egypt

Back 6

Egypt's Pharaoh was considered a god and ruler

Front 7

Ethical Monotheism

Back 7

Belief in one God who guides humanity through religion based principles

Front 8

Judaism / Hebrews

Back 8

Monotheistic religion, founded by Abraham, worshiped Yahweh, believed in afterlife judgement (Heaven & Hell)

Front 9

Torah

Back 9

Written history of the Jewish / Hebrew people

Front 10

Ten Commandments

Back 10

Jewish / Hebrews law believers are supposed to follow - as foundation for law and social interaction

Front 11

Zoroastrianism

Back 11

Monotheism religion, god is Ahura Mazda, believed in afterlife judgement (Heaven & Hell)

Front 12

Cultural Diffusion

Back 12

Blending of cultures, usually through trade / interaction, religion, etc.

Front 13

Phoenicians

Back 13

Best sailors in Mediterranean Sea, creating a trading empire and an alphabet

Front 14

Hinduism

Back 14

Religion of multiple beliefs blended together, many gods, caste system is based on a person's level of reincarnation (being reborn)

Front 15

Buddhism

Back 15

Created by Siddhartha Gautama, no god, combination of traditions, beliefs and practices - peace to all beings

Front 16

Confucianism

Back 16

Chinese philosopher, created a system of exams, system of filial piety (family first)

Front 17

Examination System

Back 17

Confucius created a system of schools sand exams to make sure people applying jobs have the necessary skills for a job and are qualified

Front 18

Mandate of Heaven

Back 18

Chinese believed that Heaven dictates why things happen (ex. Emperor explains / justifies why country in invaded because the Heavens aren't happy)

Front 19

Filial Piety

Back 19

Family is the center of society in China

Front 20

Status of peasants and merchants

Back 20

China's people are set upon a pyramid of status - peasants and merchants are at the bottom of society

Front 21

Origins & structure of the Roman Republic & Roman Empire

Back 21

Best Roman law - innocent until proven guilty, citizens were allowed to participate in the Republic and not the Empire

Front 22

Plato

Back 22

Student of Socrates, believed in a perfect society, rulers are democratic but have all authority

Front 23

Alexander the Great

Back 23

Conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, India- created the blended culture Hellenistic (spread culture and knowledge with conquering)

Front 24

Julius Caesar

Back 24

Military general, conquered Gaul, member of 1st Triumvirate, became dictator, many reforms, assassinated

Front 25

Augustus Caesar

Back 25

Julius' adopted son, hunted down Julius' killers, member of 2nd Triumvirate, became dictator for life, many reforms

Front 26

Accomplishments of Hellenism

Back 26

Blending of cultures from Greek P.I.E., caused great cities such as Alexandria, Egypt, large amounts of trade, commerce, museums, etc.

Front 27

Accomplishments of Roman Culture

Back 27

Legacy: written law, architecture, engineering, language, spreading Hellenistic culture

Front 28

Polytheism in Greece & Rome

Back 28

Worshiping gods was required for everyday life to be successful, taboo if you didn't worship; gods had people characteristics

Front 29

Christianity

Back 29

Founded by Jesus Christ, monotheistic, accepted all, promised personal relationship, establishes a powerful following / church / influential leaders

Front 30

Socrates

Back 30

Greek philosopher, believed in questioning society, executed for corrupting youth of Athens

Front 31

Impact of Mediterranean trade

Back 31

Mediterranean trade expanded by the Phoenicians, Minoans, etc. (spreads colors)

Front 32

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

Back 32

Earliest civilizations developed in the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates creating Mesopotamia

Front 33

Mesopotamia Society

Back 33

Located in the Middle East, earliest civilization developed among the Tigris and Euphrates revers; polytheistic, system of writing cuneiform

Front 34

Origins and Structure of Greek Polis

Back 34

Greek governments and societies were based on location; multiple kinds of governments (monarch, oligarchy, aristocracy, direct democracy)

Front 35

Aristotle

Back 35

Greek philosopher, student of Plato, questioned the natural world, humanity, and knowledge, the steps to the scientific method

Front 36

Power of the Catholic Church

Back 36

Pope is the head of the church, a hierarchy of leaders below him; influenced kings and had power of excommunication and interdict

Front 37

Byzantine Empire

Back 37

Eastern half of the Roman Empire that didn't fall, successfully wealthy & Greek, Christian Church survives as Orthodox & continues Roman culture

Front 38

Justinian & Justinian Code

Back 38

Emperor of Byzantine Empire, continues Roman culture, and recaptures the Western half of the Roman empire; created law system using Roman laws, built Hagia Sophia

Front 39

Theodora

Back 39

Wife of Justinian, Empress, adviser to Justinian, gave women rights

Front 40

Constantinople

Back 40

Capital of Byzantine Empire, city that connects Mediterranean Sea and Kiev, Russia; brings Russian culture, style of leadership: Caesar (tsar / czar), Christian (Orthodox) Church, major trading city

Front 41

Czar Ivan III

Back 41

Took title of Caesar (tsar / czar), connecting Russia to Roman Empire roots, "Third Rome," freed Russia of the Mongols

Front 42

Great Schism 1054

Back 42

Splitting of the Christian Church (Catholic and Orthodox), Pope and Patriarch fought over who controlled what areas of the church

Front 43

Mongol Empire

Back 43

Covered most of Asia, 4 Kingdoms (Khanate of the Golden Horde, Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate, and Khanate of the Great Khan

Front 44

Genghis Khan

Back 44

Universal Ruler, united all the Mongol clans, organized, good strategist, terrifying

Front 45

Impact of the Mongols on Russia

Back 45

Tolerant in Peace, ferocious in war, rarely imposed their beliefs, adopted aspects of culture

Front 46

Impact of the Mongols on China

Back 46

Kublai Khan moved Mongol capital to China, had foreigners come into government positions, increased foreign trade, Pax Mongolica

Front 47

Marco Polo

Back 47

Traveled to China on Silk Roads caravan, worked for Kublai - sent on govt. mission for several years

Front 48

Islam

Back 48

Religion founded by Muhammad, believed in Allah, encouraged education, Qur'an is the Holy Book, increased growth of land empire

Front 49

Five Pillars of Islam

Back 49

Belief system or major duties of a Muslim (Faith, Prayer, Alms, Fasting, Pilgrimage)

Front 50

Muhammad

Back 50

Founder of Islam

Front 51

Sunni and Shia Split

Back 51

Muhammad dies, didn't choose the new successor (caliph), argued who should be next, fought and split the religion

Front 52

Ibn-Sina

Back 52

Muslim physician, traveled and studied the medical techniques of other cultures, combined best methods and wrote a book

Front 53

Ibn-Battuta

Back 53

Muslim traveler, went from Africa, Europe, and Asia, worked for many leaders, learned of several cultures, empires

Front 54

Zhou Dynasty

Back 54

Overthrew the Shang, established the dynastic cycle and feudalism, improved technology and trade, time of "warring states"

Front 55

Qin Dynasty

Back 55

Shi Huangdi emperor to overthrow Zhou, cruel leader - used censorship program

Front 56

Ottoman Empire's Role in the Fall of Byzantine Empire

Back 56

Ottoman Turks invaded Byzantine Empire and capital Constantinople; constantly fought w/ Christians over the city and Holy Land

Front 57

Muslim Trade

Back 57

Crusades increased trade between Europe and Islamic World b/c of knowledge of new items from new parts of the world

Front 58

Crusades

Back 58

Muslim Turks invaded Constantinople and Christian Europe was asked to come save them; Pope encouraged people to go, some return but gain very little - Pope's power falls and King's power increases

Front 59

Relationship between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Back 59

Each religion believes in one god, an afterlife (Heaven and Hell), judgment, law system, all include a "Holy Book"

Front 60

People of the Book

Back 60

Jews and Christians are considered "People of the Book" by Muslims b/c they all have a Holy Book

Front 61

Ottoman Empire - Suleyman the Magnificent

Back 61

Great law maker, used foreign opinion on improving leadership, created a massive empire during time of ruling, Muslim empire

Front 62

Muslim Empires

Back 62

Trade allowed for new ideas to flow, religious culture to spread, and the usage of architecture showing a blending of cultures

Front 63

Safavid Empire

Back 63

Extended by the leadership of shah Abbas the First

Front 64

Mughal Empire

Back 64

Indian empire established by Babur, Akbar (a Muslim) will bring the people of India together by combining Hinduism and Muslim in politics and society

Front 65

Middle Ages - Medieval Times

Back 65

Time of Dark Ages, after the great empires of Rome & Greece caused by lack of increased knowledge due to invasions, disease, etc.

Front 66

Manor System

Back 66

People moved away from cities to the country, people to agree to give up rights and freedoms to work on a landlord's land and be provided safety and housing

Front 67

Feudalism

Back 67

System of land ownership and service; Kings have land in return for loyalty and service. People without land have no rights or privileges

Front 68

Charlemagne

Back 68

Leader of the Franks, unites Europe under one king, will be crowned Holy Roman Emperor b/c he save a Pope (connects Church & Govt.)

Front 69

Pope Gregory VII

Back 69

Pope excommunicated Henry IV, argued over lay investitures and who was allowed to use them

Front 70

Impact of Christianity

Back 70

Church fully influenced everyone's idea about eternal life and the necessity of following the church's rules; Popes believed they had authority over all things: religion, society, and politics

Front 71

King Henry IV - Holy Roman Emperor

Back 71

Fought w/ Pope over using lay investitures, Henry lost support of his appointed church members & he begged for forgiveness

Front 72

Role of Medieval Church

Back 72

Completely ruled / influenced society, proved care for the people, sickness, food, shelter, safety

Front 73

Growth of Town & Cities

Back 73

People moved from manors to cities for better privileges after the plague; businessmen create business guilds and gain control and power in the cities b/c the landowners died from the plague

Front 74

Effects of the Bubonic Plague

Back 74

Plague kills millions of people, the church said to have faith and people still die (church power fades), govt. doesn't do anything to help, society becomes a free for all

Front 75

Renaissance

Back 75

"Rebirth" of art and learning, encouraged art, literature, creation of something new - celebrating life and survival of the plague

Front 76

Rise of Florence

Back 76

Florence rebounded first after the Bubonic Plague; Trade, Art, and Business increases first in Europe

Front 77

Machiavelli

Back 77

Author of The Prince, book about leaders who will do anything to gain anything they want - "the end justifies the means"

Front 78

Medici Family

Back 78

Ruling family in Florence, rises in power through banking; big supporters of the art movement & architecture

Front 79

Leonardo da Vinci

Back 79

Renaissance man, he mastered all areas of talent, know as painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist (ex. Mona Lisa, Last Supper)

Front 80

Michelangelo

Back 80

Renaissance man, mastered many areas (ex. David, Sistine Chapel)

Front 81

Humanism

Back 81

Studying human potential, increased studying of classical subjects - pushes the idea of secular (worldly) living

Front 82

Petrarch

Back 82

Founder of Humanism, poet who used vernacular

Front 83

Dante

Back 83

Continued the ideas of humanism, used vernacular, wrote Dante's Inferno

Front 84

Erasmus

Back 84

Christian humanist, wrote The Praise of Folly - concerns the behaviors of daily actions and how inappropriate they are; encouraged Biblical education for all

Front 85

Protestant Reformation

Back 85

Challenged the Catholic Church & their behaviors; this causes a split from the Catholic church & creates others

Front 86

Martin Luther

Back 86

Founder of the Protestant Reformation, caused many to move away from the Catholic Church

Front 87

John Calvin

Back 87

Continued the Protestant Reformation, believed in predestination and developed the (theological) Lutheran church

Front 88

Counter Reformation

Back 88

The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation; reaffirmed the Catholic's ideas and beliefs

Front 89

Council of Trent

Back 89

Developed to combat the Protestant Reformation; reaffirmed the Catholic's ideas and beliefs

Front 90

Jesuits

Back 90

Developed by the Council of Trent, created by Ignatius of Loyola ("Society of Jesuits"), used to spread Catholic religion

Front 91

Scientific Revolution

Back 91

Observations were discovered to help people explore the world & taught experiments help figure out the real true / correct theories of the world

Front 92

English Reformation

Back 92

King Henry VIII, caused a change in the church in England (broke away from the Pope), Pope and Henry fought over his desire for a divorce, Henry made it legal for Henry to be in charge of the church

Front 93

Elizabeth I

Back 93

Daughter of Henry VII, blended the new church in England w/ Catholic and Protestant practices creating the Anglican church

Front 94

Gutenberg - Printing Press

Back 94

Johann Gutenberg created a movable block printing press; this allows for information to spread quickly & increases knowledge

Front 95

Copernicus

Back 95

Developed the Heliocentric theory (Sun centered), went against Greek teachings: Geocentric (Earth centered)

Front 96

Kepler

Back 96

Looked at the stars & the world, used math to figure out that his Sun is the center of the universe (backed Copernicus' theory)

Front 97

Galileo

Back 97

Looked at the world to answer questions & investigated Copernicus' theory - wrote the Starry Night (argued Copernicus is correct); info was based on observations & experiments

Front 98

Newton

Back 98

Discovered the theory to universal gravitation force

Front 99

Bantu Migration

Back 99

"The People" moved from south of the Sahara to the southern tip of Africa, had knowledge of iron smelting, used slash-and-burn farming, moved and adopted new techniques (blended cultures)

Front 100

Ghana

Back 100

Gold-salt trade empire in West Africa

Front 101

Mali

Back 101

Gold-salt trade empire in West Africa, created and developed by Sundiata (Mali's 1st Great Emperor), becomes a Muslim nation

Front 102

Songhai

Back 102

Gold-salt trade empire in West Africa

Front 103

Sundiata

Back 103

Mali's 1st Great Emperor, helped develop gold-salt trade & agriculture

Front 104

Mansa Musa to Mecca

Back 104

Lion King of Mali, doubled the size of Mali (established trade city Timbuktu); devote Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca - people know of Mali's greatness & he also created an increase in learning b/c of Muslim beliefs

Front 105

Trans-Saharan Trade

Back 105

Gold, salt, and slaves - three most important trade items (Muslim traders traded with converted Muslim kings in Mali and Ghana)

Front 106

Swahili

Back 106

Trade cities on the east coast of Africa; language developed by Arabic traders and Bantu speakers

Front 107

African Syncretism

Back 107

Blending of African beliefs of Animism, Islam & Christianity

Front 108

Olmec

Back 108

Unknown rise and fall, polytheistic, worshiped the jaguar

Front 109

Mayan

Back 109

Influenced by the Olmecs, King related to gods, polytheistic, developed a writing system and calendar using the stars & math

Front 110

Aztec

Back 110

Polytheistic Sun King (use prisoners as human sacrifice), traded items up & down Mexico on a barter system, conquered many enemies - will fall to the Spanish invaders

Front 111

Inca

Back 111

Polytheistic, developed in Chile, used a system of bartering; will be conquered by the Spanish invaders

Front 112

Age of Discovery / Exploration

Back 112

Inspired by the Age of Reason, looked to the world to answer questions from observations and experiments

Front 113

3 G's: Gold, God, and Glory

Back 113

Gold: Become rich for self & nation

God: Spreading the idea of Christianity

Glory: To become famous

Front 114

3 D's: Death, Destruction, and Domination

Back 114

Death: brought lots of diseases to new people

Destruction: destroyed many tribes / villages

Domination: enslaved & colonized

Front 115

Zheng He

Back 115

Muslim Chinese explorer, traveled 7 times to India & SE Asia; he created trading cities

Front 116

Conquistador

Back 116

Spanish conquerors in Mexico & other places during the 16th Century

Front 117

Explorers

Back 117

A person who investigates unknown reigions from Europe & Asia

Front 118

Christopher Columbus

Back 118

Discovered new regions in the Caribbean, created new areas for colonization and trade

Front 119

Maurya Empire

Back 119

Established by Chandragupta Maurya, unifies N. India, created a bureaucratic govt. - poor leadership will result in the downfall

Front 120

Gupta "Golden Empire"

Back 120

Founded by Chandra Gupta, builds a massive empire - creates an empire filled with art, trade, religion, and scientific reason

Front 121

Emperor Asoka

Back 121

Practiced Buddhism, the "Elephant King," developed new policies, treated people fairly, road system to improve communications & trade

Front 122

Diffusion of Asia

Back 122

Culturally people move throughout Asia, diversifying people & traditions in Japan, Korea, and SE Asia

Front 123

Impact of Geography in India

Back 123

Extensive difficult geography keeps Indian people from travelling safely, keeping cultures, trade, tradition to themselves

Front 124

Classic Greeks & Romans

Back 124

Greeks & Romans have diff. societies based on diff. locations; govt. developed by the ruling groups / leaders, polytheistic

Front 125

Vasco da Gama

Back 125

Explored a passage around the south tip of Africa, creating open cities for trade in Africa and Spain

Front 126

Ferdinand Megellan

Back 126

First to circumnavigate the globe

Front 127

James Cook

Back 127

Discovered parts of New Zealand & Australia, created colonies for his countries

Front 128

Samuel de Champlain

Back 128

Founded new ways through the Hudson River, developed colonies for his country such as New France

Front 129

Columbian Exchange

Back 129

Transfer of people and goods from Europe, Africa, and Asia to the newly discovered lands, establishes mercantilism, both positive and negative effects

Front 130

Improved Technology

Back 130

Astrolabe is a new instrument to help acquire longitude and latitude

Front 131

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Back 131

Unified Japan b/c of help from Nobunga, improved society, Absolute Ruler who wants to have all power

Front 132

Oda Nobunga

Back 132

Attempted to take over all daimyo's in Japan, failed & committed suicide

Front 133

Qing Rulers

Back 133

Attempted to improve the conditions of the lives of the Chinese, Kangxi emperor worked on better taxes & laws

Front 134

Kangxi

Back 134

Attempted to improve the conditions of the lives of the Chinese, Kangxi emperor worked on better taxes & laws

Front 135

Population growth in Japan

Back 135

Living conditions improved, population increases - necessary for social status to be clear (levels of pyramid)

Front 136

Enlightenment

Back 136

Age of Reason, people use thought to figure out social, political, government, religious issues (INSPIRES REVOLUTIONS)

Front 137

John Locke

Back 137

Philosopher, believed people are good, and all should have natural rights

Front 138

Voltaire

Back 138

Philosopher who believed all should have the right to free speech & religion

Front 139

Montesquieu

Back 139

Philosopher who studied diff. kinds of governments, believed separating govt. powers is best - liked absolute monarchy the most

Front 140

Rousseau

Back 140

Wrote "The Social Contract," believed the only good govt. was one freely formed - direct democracy

Front 141

Absolutism

Back 141

Monarch / leaders believed in having complete / unlimited control - leader should have all power

Front 142

Louis XIV

Back 142

Absolute ruler of France, enforced heavy unequal taxes, participated in massive spending, required specific religious following - should have all the power

Front 143

Czar Peter the Great

Back 143

Absolute ruler of Russia, forced reforms in Russia, believed in having complete control

Front 144

English Revolution

Back 144

English people require king to followthe laws, king broke the laws - parliament tries to arrest king; civil war happens, king captured and executed

Front 145

American Revolution

Back 145

Colonists disagreed w/ treatment form Britain, declared independence (inspired by Enlightenment ideas); colonists gain independence from Great Britain

Front 146

Haitian Revolution

Back 146

Haiti attempts to gain independence from France, while France has issues w/ Spain; Toussaint L'Ouverture leads rebellion, will be captured but inspires the fight & wins

Front 147

Latin American Revolutions

Back 147

Successful revolutions around Central & North America inspire revolutions against Spain

Front 148

Napoleon

Back 148

Military solider rises in power, performs a coup, conquerors many neighboring countries & creates puppet states; eventually, outnumbered and overpowered

Front 149

Opium War

Back 149

Chinese rebellion w/ foreigners living in China and abusing the laws / foreign trade; foreigners win & gain trading rights

Front 150

Taiping Rebellion

Back 150

Chinese rebellion trying to get rid of foreigners and extraterritorial rights

Front 151

Commodore Perry

Back 151

Messenger for the United States, asking to have trading ports in Japan; fought w/ Japan & won - winning open trading ports in Japan

Front 152

French Revolution

Back 152

People in France demanding equality of the 3 estates; king & queen will be overthrown, creates many diff. governments, Napoleon takes over at the end

Front 153

Impact of Industrialization

Back 153

Movement from hand made goods to machine produced goods; people move to cities & creates urbanization, improvement in living conditions, society splits further into "Haves and Have Nots"

Front 154

Nationalism

Back 154

Pride in one's country / loyalty, inspires revolutions, conservatives are against it `

Front 155

Imperialism

Back 155

Policy where stronger countries dominate weaker ones (politically, economically, and socially); Europe & USA will go into Asia, Africa, and S. America for land, power, resources = wars, etc.

Front 156

Adam Smith

Back 156

Believed in Laissez-faire (business is free from govt. involvement & how to regulate trade or the economy)

Front 157

Karl Marx

Back 157

Writer of Communist Manifesto, believed society and business were split between "Haves and Have Nots" and needs to be balanced

Front 158

Urbanization

Back 158

Growth of cities & the migration of people to them, happens during Industrial Rev.

Front 159

Women's Rights Movement

Back 159

movement increased during Industrial Revolution, equal rights, education, voting, pay, etc.

Front 160

Otto von Bismark

Back 160

Creator of a unified German people (Germany), created alliances, manipulated wars to gain land

Front 161

Emperor Meiji

Back 161

Emperor Mutsuhito in Japan, pride & nationalism (used Enlightened ideas), modernizes Japan to deal w/ foreigners in Japan - improves the military

Front 162

Reaction to foreign Domination

Back 162

Countries mostly modernize to keep up w/ foreign powers, improves military, industrialize, change ruling constitutions

Front 163

Economic Imperialism

Back 163

Purpose of imperialism is to dominate other countries to gain free labor, resources to improve stronger countries power status

Front 164

Protectorates

Back 164

Imperialism allowed for countries to control & protect one another

Front 165

Colonies

Back 165

Land controlled by another country, domination of land, resources, government, economy

Front 166

Spheres of Influence

Back 166

Foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities

Front 167

Russo-Japanese War

Back 167

1904 Conflict, fought over Manchuria & Korea - Japan wins

Front 168

Young Turks

Back 168

Political reform movement in early 1900s, didn't like having an absolute Ottoman monarch, wanted a constitutional monarch

Front 169

Boxer Rebellion

Back 169

1900 rebellion in China, aimed at ending foreign influence in the country

Front 170

British Policies in Africa

Back 170

Complete domination, believed in indirect control (using local officials) and usage of resources in colonies

Front 171

French Policies in Indochina

Back 171

Forced trade, forced exportation of goods, used assimilation (forced French culture)

Front 172

Japanese Policies in Asia

Back 172

Extreme domination, force conformity, harsh leadership, Asia for the Asians

Front 173

WWI

Back 173

Conflict between Austria-Hungary & Serbia, b/c of alliances several other countries will join war; assassination of Archduke Franze Ferdinand from Austria in Serbia, split between Central & Allies Powers - Allies will win

Front 174

M.A.I.N - WWI

Back 174

Militarism - military becomes influenced power in competitive governments

Alliances - secret alliances will draw many countries into conflict

Imperialism - countries competing to be strongest country of land domination

Nationalism - pride in one's country being the best

Front 175

Central Powers

Back 175

Austria-Hungary & Germany, major powers in the center of Europe fought together versus Allies

Front 176

Allies Powers

Back 176

Russia, France, Britain, and US fought together versus Central Powers

Front 177

Trench Warfare

Back 177

New style of warfare, used to try & prevent many from being killed by deadly machine guns, caused stalemates

Front 178

New Weapons & Technology

Back 178

1st mechanized war: cars, airplanes, machine guns, tanks, submarines, etc. = high deaths

Front 179

Total War

Back 179

The entire country becomes involved in the war effort (government, home front, economy, etc.)

Front 180

Battle of Verdun

Back 180

Battle on western front, Germans advanced 4 miles, one of the longest and costly battles

Front 181

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Back 181

Germans will attack all ships (civilian & military); not supposed to attack civilian ships, attempts to hurt Britain before US joins the war

Front 182

Lusitania

Back 182

British civilian ship attacked by German submarine, killed 128 Americans, Germans claimed ship carried ammunition

Front 183

Zimmerman Note

Back 183

British intercept message from Germany to Mexico, Germany asks Mexico to attack US to keep them out of the war in Europe; US declares war on Germany

Front 184

Woodrow Wilson

Back 184

President of US, creator of 14 Points (plans to help prevent future wars)

Front 185

Treaty of Versailles

Back 185

Peace meeting for WWI; Germany is blamed for the war, Britain & France want to make Germany pay, be weakened, etc. (Major powers left out several countries causing anger & and frustration)

Front 186

German Reparations

Back 186

Germany must pay $33 billion to winners of war (war guilt clause)

Front 187

Mandate System

Back 187

Allies would govern the mandates until judged ready for independence

Front 188

Collapse of Romanov & Habsburg Empires

Back 188

Destabilization of countries at the end of WWI, Romanov family overthrown by the Bolsheviks, Habsburg royal family in Germany & Austria; Habsburgs lost power w/ loss in WWI

Front 189

Albert Einstein

Back 189

Creates theory relativity, physicist form Germany

Front 190

Sigmund Freud

Back 190

Austrian physician treated psychological problems - theories about the human mind

Front 191

Pablo Picasso

Back 191

Founded Cubism art, considered beyond reality - paintings like Guernica spoke of harsh realities (war, life, death)

Front 192

Russian Revolution

Back 192

Russian people are fed up w/ Romanov leadership, rebel and overthrow the czar; led by Lenin, created Communist govt. (got Russia out of WWI)

Front 193

Bolsheviks

Back 193

Group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's govt. in Nov. 1917

Front 194

Lenin

Back 194

Leader of the Bolsheviks, game land to peasants, control of factories to workers, created New Economic Policy & central govt. - w/ local self governing republics

Front 195

Stalin - 5 Year Plan

Back 195

Joseph Stalin replaces Lenin, creates economic plans to improve industry & modernization

Front 196

Fascism - Italy

Back 196

Political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule

Front 197

Benito Mussolini

Back 197

Leader of Fascism in Italy, rose to power legally but made sure any opposition was gotten rid of through his Black Shirts force

Front 198

Adolf Hitler

Back 198

Leader of Nazism in Germany, rose to power legally but used his Brown Shirts forces to get rid of / intimidate opposition; blamed Jews for Germany's problems

Front 199

Emperor Hirohito

Back 199

Leader of Japan, influenced by military leaders; encouraged to gain foreign land in China, Korea, and Manchuria

Front 200

Sun Yat Sen - Unified China

Back 200

Chinese revolutionary, 1st president & founder of Republic China - encouraged nationalism, democracy, economy

Front 201

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

Back 201

Led Turkish nationalists against Greece; Kemal became president of Republic of Turkey, created nationalism / many reforms

Front 202

Mohandas Gandhi

Back 202

Strived for India to gain independence from Britain; encouraged reform, civil disobediencem boycotts, strikes, etc.

Front 203

Totalitarianism

Back 203

Police state used in Russia, Germany, Italy & total control, included censorship, secret police, forced nationalism, no religion

Front 204

German Aggression / Anger

Back 204

German leaders failed to defend Germany at peace talks in Versailles, many resentful, angered, wanting revenge - led to WWII

Front 205

Italian Invasion Ethiopia

Back 205

Mussolini wanted to acquire land, revenge for loss in 1890s, massive invasion - Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie asked League of Nations for help - they fined Italy

Front 206

Spanish Civil War

Back 206

Fascist Fransico Franco fought the new republic, creating a civil war; Hitler & Mussolini send weapons & troops to help Franco, Franco wins & becomes dictator

Front 207

Rape of Nanjing

Back 207

Japan created issue to cause conflict between Japan & China; Japan destroys Nanjing & murders thousands of people (army & civilians)

Front 208

Germany & Sudetenland

Back 208

German nation desires all German people to live together, Hitler invades Sudetenland (German people live there)

Front 209

Pearl Harbor

Back 209

Japan bombs US military base in Hawaii, causing the US to declare war on Japan and to join WWII

Front 210

Battle of El-Alamein

Back 210

Turning point for the British in Africa, pushing back the German troops & beaten

Front 211

Battle of Stalingrad

Back 211

Germans will control 90% of city, but Soviets will surround city and starve out Germans - Soviets capture Germans and regain city

Front 212

D-Day

Back 212

Land, air, sea invasion of France from unified forces of Allies, leads to regaining France from the Germans & makes Germans retreat

Front 213

Guadalcanal

Back 213

Allied troops drove Japanese forces from the Pacific island of Guadalcanal - massive deaths

Front 214

Philippines

Back 214

Japanese will march south to take control of foreign military bases; capture prisoners (Bataan Death March - thousands)

Front 215

Atomic Bombs

Back 215

President Truman decides to use an atomic bomb on Nagasaki & Hiroshima - is used to end the war the fastest way possible (less deaths, money spent, etc.)

Front 216

Nazism

Back 216

Fascist policies of the National Socialist German Workers' party, based on totalitarianism, extreme nationalism, state controlled industry, superior race - blames Jews for Germany's problems (takes rights away & genocide)

Front 217

Winston Churchill

Back 217

Prime minister of Great Britain, leader during WWII

Front 218

Roosevelt & Truman

Back 218

Pres. Roosevelt during beginning of WWII, Truman will be president at the end of WWII

Front 219

Teheran, Yalta, and Potsdam

Back 219

Meetings to discuss the end of WWII and how to fix Europe's problems

Front 220

WWII Surrenders

Back 220

Italy surrenders: big losses, leader killed

Germany surrenders: big losses, Hitler commits suicide

Japan surrenders: atomic bombs, big losses

Front 221

United Nations

Back 221

International peacekeeping organization founded in 1945 to provide security to the nations of the world

Front 222

Marshall Plan

Back 222

US program of economic aid to European countries to help them rebuild after WWII

Front 223

MacArthur's Plan for Japan

Back 223

Determined to be fair, demilitarization, democratization = new constitution (monarchy, right to vote - Japan not allowed to make war)

Front 224

Cold War

Back 224

Diplomatic hostility between the US and the Soviet Union in the decades following WWII

Front 225

Revolutionary Movements in India

Back 225

Post WWII, Britain gave up power over India; Muslims and Hindus clashed over how to divide and equally rule in the govt. (lots of violence), India became the world's largest democracy

Front 226

Mao Zedong

Back 226

Inspired by Russian Communist Revolution, he becomes leader of Communist party in China; fought against Nationalists and makes many reforms as leader

Front 227

Chiang Kai-shak

Back 227

Chairman of the National Government of China, leader of the Republic of China; fought against the communist Mao Zedong, but united w/ Mao to fight against invading Japan

Front 228

Kwame Nkrumah

Back 228

First president of Ghana; helped fight for independence

Front 229

Formation of Israel

Back 229

1947 - created for displace Jewish persons after WWII; area chosen b/c of past Jewish history

Front 230

Arab-Israeli Conflict

Back 230

Palestine's land was taken and given to Jewish followers and violence erupted between Arabs and Jews

Front 231

Hydrogen Bomb

Back 231

Created in 1951 by Edward Teller, this thermonuclear weapon gave the US the advantage in the nuclear arms race w/ the Soviet Union

Front 232

SALT - 1972

Back 232

Strategic arms litigation talks between the US & the Soviet Union, it limited the number of missiles allowed; 33 other nations joined

Front 233

Khrushchev

Back 233

Leader of Soviet Union after Stalin; started destalinization ("peaceful competition")

Front 234

Gorbachev

Back 234

The last President of the soviet Union before the fall of Communism; Glasnost & Perestroika leads to dissolution of the Soviet Union

Front 235

Anti-Apartheid

Back 235

Movement in S. Africa, to rid country of complete legal separation of the races, including banning of all social classes

Front 236

Tiananmen Square

Back 236

The site of a student uprising in China 1989, in support of democratic reforms

Front 237

Fall of Berlin Wall

Back 237

Cities across E. Germany rebelled & demanded rights to travel freely & other basic freedoms - Communism fell & allows for Berlin Wall to no longer exist

Front 238

Pan-Africanism

Back 238

Ideology & movement to solidify Africans worldwide (economically, socially, and politically)

Front 239

Pan-Arabism

Back 239

Ideology of unifying countries in North & West Africa from Atlantic Ocean & the Arabian Sea - connected to Arab nationalism (single nation)

Front 240

Bosnia-Herzegovina

Back 240

Break-up of Yugoslavia, B-H was formed & declared independence in 1992 contained diff. opposing religious groups (war & ethnic cleansing of Muslims)

Front 241

Rwandan Genocide

Back 241

Fighting between Hutus & Tutsis (major ethnic groups), Hutus massacred 500,000 Tutsis (human rights abuse)

Front 242

Terrorism

Back 242

The use of force or threats to frighten people or governments to change their policies

Front 243

Shining Path

Back 243

Communist party of Peru, founded 1970 (adopted by Mao Zedong ideas), use terror & violence to those with opposing ideas

Front 244

Red Brigade

Back 244

Paramilitary organization from Italy, numerous killings, kidnaps, and robberies & wanted to remove Italy from NATO

Front 245

Hamas

Back 245

Palestinian Islamic organization, military wing & terrorist organization wants to liberate Palestine

Front 246

Al-Qaeda

Back 246

Islamic terrorist extremist organization, founded by Osama bin Laden, attacks any who oppose Islam & has aided enemies of Al-Qaeda

Front 247

Impact of Terrorism

Back 247

Movement of people away form attacked areas, fear of foreigners & Middle Eastern religious followers - harmed economies, travel, politics in the Middle East, etc.

Front 248

Female Leaders

Back 248

Golda Meir: voted into power, 4th PM of Israel

Indira Gandhi: voted into power, 3rd PM of Israel, assassinated

Margaret Thatcher: voted into power, PM of England

Front 249

OPEC

Back 249

International Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries - secure & coordinate policies of oil producing countries (developed b/c of globalization)

Front 250

World Trade Organization

Back 250

Developed b/c of globalization - created to deal w/ global rules of trade between nations