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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What were the 95 Theses?
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Martin Luther nailed the 95 Theses to the church door in Wittenburg to protest the activities of the priests (particularly the selling of indulgences) in the Catholic Church
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Magna Carta
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1215 - agreement signed between John I and the English barons that prevented the King from imposing heavy taxes and increased freedom
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predestination
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idea promoted by John Calvin that God knew before time who would receive salvation
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What is nationalism?
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The belief that allegiance should be given to the nation rather than to the church or competing nations
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What is a "renaissance man"?
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Someone who is talented and knowledgeable in a variety of areas; Leonardo da Vinci is considered to be the first "renaissance man"
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What is the Treaty of Westphalia?
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The Treaty that ended the Hundred Years War and effectively ended the Holy Roman Empire; the treaty strengthened France and weakened Germany and Spain
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What is The Prince?
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A political treatise written by Machiavelli that outlined his belief that the government is best able to decide what is best for the majority of the people
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What is an astrolabe?
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An instrument invented during the Age of Discovery that allowed sailors to use the stars to navigate
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What was the Renaissance?
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A "rebirth" in arts and literature centered in Florence, Italy that eventually spread throughout Europe
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What was the Reformation?
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The movement begun by Luther to reform the Catholic Church; created Lutherans and other protestant denominations
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manor
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a small estate from which a lord's family gained its livelihood
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fief
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piece of land given to a vassal by a lord in return for protection
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chivalry
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a code of honor that a knight aid the poor, defend the weak, and fight bravely for his three masters: the feudal lord, his heavenly Lord, and his lady
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lord
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in feudalism, the person (vassal) who makes a grant of land to another person
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serf
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a person bound to a manor and owed duties to the lord of the manor
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missi dominici
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Royal agents of Charlemagne, who checked on the ruling counts
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caravel
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small ship developed in the 1400s with triangular sails; used first by Portuguese and allowed sailing faster and farther
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geocentric theory
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the belief that the earth was the center of the universe and the planets and sun orbited around the earth; favored by the Catholic Church
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heliocentric theory
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belief that the sun is the center of the universe and the planets revolve around the sun; proven by Copernicus and Galileo; angered the Church
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Scientific Revolution
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1500s and 1600s; new ideas about the universe by using observation (Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, etc.)
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guillotine
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machine used to behead during French Revolution
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journeyman
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a person who, after completing an apprenticeship, works at a craft for wages under the supervision of a master
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troubadour
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In the Middle Ages, a poet and musician who traveled around and entertained people with songs about chivalry
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craft guild
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an association of people who work at the same occupation
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investiture
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a feudal ceremony in which a vassal receives land or a bishop takes office
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knight
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an armored warrior who fought on horseback
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apprentice
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a person who is learning a trade or craft from a master and who works without pay except for his keep
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peasant
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a poor farmer, not one in the noble class
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constitutional monarchy
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a type of government based on a written or unwritten constitution, but with a king or queen as head of state and a parliament as the legislature
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icon
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a small piece of religious art
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feudalism
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a political and military system based on the holding of land
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divine right
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the idea that rulers receive their authority directly from God and are answerable only to God
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bourgeoisie
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In medieval France, people who lived in burghs (towns) rather than in rural areas; Marx said they were the factory-owning middle class
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humanism
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emphasis on humanity rather than the divine; displayed in artwork throughout the Renaissance (hands, realistic portraits)
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absolutism
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a government in which the ruler's power is final
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"priesthood of all believers"
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the idea that every person can communicate directly with God, rather than only the Pope (Luther)
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Bastille
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the prison that was stormed during the French Revolution
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clergy
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priests and ministers in the church
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habeas corpus
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"present the body" - a democratic right that a person cannot be held captive without being told the evidence for holding him
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indulgences
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payment to priests in order to lessen time in Purgatory or other religious favor
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balance of power
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a political and military strategy where small nations may join together to offset the power of a stronger nation
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Joan of Arc
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young woman who led the French at Orleans and kept France from falling to British rule; later burned at the stake
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Machiavelli
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wrote The Prince during the Renaissance
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John Calvin
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Swiss protestant reformer; promoted predestination
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Magellan
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explorer; his expedition successfully circumnavigated the earth
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Copernicus
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proved the heliocentric theory, published book on the Revolutions of the Heavenly bodies
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Catholic who "ruled" France during the Thirty Years War;
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John I
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signed the Magna Carta in 1215
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Michelangelo
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painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, sculpted David
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Johannes Gutenberg
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invented the printing press; movable type
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Martin Luther
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posted 95 Theses on the church door in Wittenberg, began Protestant Reformation
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Henry the Navigator
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Portugeuse navigator who trained explorers and sailors; explored coasts of Africa
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Galileo
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perfected telescope; proved heliocentric theory, but backed down before the Church
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Baldassare Castiglione
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wrote The Courtier, a "how to" book for courtiers in the Renaissance
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Leonardo da Vinci
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first "renaissance man"; painted Mona Lisa; conducted experiments on flying machines and human anatomy
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Johann Tetzel
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priest who prompted Luther to post the 95 Theses after his practice of taking advantage of people through the selling of indulgences
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Henry VIII
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began Church of England after the Pope refused to grant his divorce; married six times
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Christopher Columbus
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"discovered" America looking for passage to India
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Marco Polo
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explored China and served in the court of Genghis Khan; wrote book that prompted exploration by Columbus and others
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